And Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. 2Department of

And Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. 2Department of Biology, Jordan Hall 1001 E. Third Street, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA. 3Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, 245 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Authors’ contributions Author contributions: ASR and THO developed analysis; ASR, MSP, DCP, CV, AES, JMS, ARO, and THO performed research; ARO contributed new reagentsanalytic tools; ASR, MSP, DCP, CV, AES, JMS, ARO, and THO analyzed data; and ASR, MSP, DCP, JMS, and THO wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received: 20 June 2009 Accepted: 30 April 2010 Published: 30 AprilReferences 1. Lynch M, Conery JS: The origins of genome complexity. Science 2003, 302(5649):1401-1404. 2. Martin AP: Rising genomic complexity by gene duplication and also the origin of vertebrates. American Naturalist 1999, 154(two):111-128. three. Ohno S: Evolution by gene duplication. New York: Springer-Verlag 1970. 4. Freeling M, Thomas BC: Gene-balanced duplications, like tetraploidy, offer predictable drive to increase morphological complexity. Genome Res 2006, 16(7):805-814. five. Oakley TH, Plachetzki DC, Rivera AS: Furcation, field-splitting, plus the evolutionary origins of 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid Data Sheet novelty in arthropod photoreceptors. Arthropod Struct Dev 2007, 36(four):386-400. six. Foote M, Gould SJ: Cambrian and Current Morphological Disparity. Science 1992, 258(5089)-1816. 7. Plachetzki DC, Oakley TH: Crucial transitions throughout the evolution of animal phototransduction: novelty, “tree-thinking,” co-option, and coduplication. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2007, 47(five):759-769. 8. Land MF, Nilsson D-E: Animal Eyes. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2002. 9. Liu Z, Friedrich M: The Tribolium homologue of glass as well as the evolution of insect larval eyes. Dev Biol 2004, 269(1):36-54. 10. Harzsch S, Hafner G: Evolution of eye improvement in arthropods: Phylogenetic elements. Arthropod Structure Improvement 2006, 35(four):319-340. 11. Friedrich M, Benzer S: Divergent decapentaplegic expression patterns in compound eye development as well as the evolution of insect metamorphosis. J Exp Zool 2000, 288(1):39-55. 12. Egelhaaf A, Altenfeld H, Hoffmann HU: Evidence for the Priming Role with the Central Retinula Cell in Ommatidium Differentiation of EphestiaKuehniella. Rouxs Archives of Developmental Biology 1988, 197(three):184-189. 13. Friedrich M, Rambold I, Melzer RR: The early stages of ommatidial development inside the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae). Improvement Genes and Evolution 1996, 206(2):136-146. 14. Hafner GS, Tokarski TR: Retinal development Acid phosphatase Inhibitors medchemexpress within the lobster Homarus americanus – Comparison with compound eyes of insects and also other crustaceans. Cell and tissue analysis 2001, 305(1):147-158. 15. Hafner GS, Tokarski TR: Morphogenesis and pattern formation within the retina of your crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Cell and tissue study 1998, 293(3):535-550. 16. Melzer RR, Michalke C, Smola U: Walking on insect paths Early ommatidial improvement within the compound eye of your ancestral crustacean, Triops cancriformis. Naturwissenschaften 2000, 87(7):308-311. 17. Harzsch S, Walossek D: Neurogenesis within the building visual system on the branchiopod crustacean Triops longicaudatus (LeConte, 1846): corresponding patterns of compound-eye formation in Crustacea and Insecta Improvement Genes and Evolution 2001, 211(1):37-43. 18. Wolff T, Prepared DF: Pattern formation in the Droso.