E performed for the geographical region 5 0 W and 45 2.2. Digitalization of DWD

E performed for the geographical region 5 0 W and 45 2.2. Digitalization of DWD Front Maps 2.two. Digitalization of DWD Front Maps Weather fronts in the DWD are out there inin the kind of GIF maps. The procedure Weather fronts from the DWD are available the type of GIF maps. The process for the digitalization with the geographical positions ofof fronts was invented thethe ArcGIS for the digitalization in the geographical positions fronts was invented in in ArcGIS environment. An example of a single day isis presented in Figure Although all types of fronts environment. An instance of one day presented in Figure 1. 1. Even though all types of fronts have been separated with this procedure, within this study we chose to to utilize all them together (the(the have been separated with this procedure, within this study we chose use all of of them together position of any sort of front is marked by a 1 in our dataset, while a 0 indicates the lack of position of any type of front is marked by a 1 in our dataset, while a 0 indicates the lack a front). The whole database consists of 24 months of digitized fronts (from 1 September of a front). The whole database consists of 24 months of digitized fronts (from 1 September 2017 to 31 August 2019, with one particular map for each day from 12 12 UTC) from DWD maps. 2017 to 31 August 2019, with one particular map for every single day from UTC) from DWD maps. Forty-two % of all points have been labeled as cold fronts, 34 as warm fronts, and 24 as Forty-two Cilastatin (sodium) supplier percent of all points had been labeled as cold fronts, 34 as warm fronts, and 24 occluded fronts. as occluded fronts.Figure 1. Instance on the digitalization process. Figure 1. Example of the digitalization process.two.3. Meteorological Reanalysis two.three. Meteorological Reanalysis The digitized climate fronts have been employed additional evaluation depending on information data from the digitized weather fronts were utilised for for additional evaluation primarily based onfrom an ERA5 meteorological reanalysis [34]. [34].made use of applied 4 stress levels–925, 850, 750, and an ERA5 meteorological reanalysis We We 4 pressure levels–925, 850, 750, and 500 hPa (Table 1)–and all 16 readily available meteorological fields which will indicate changes in 500 hPa (Table 1)–and all 16 readily available meteorological fields which can indicate changes in weather situations inside the selected region. These levels have been chosen right after lots of attempts weather situations within the chosen area. These levels have been selected immediately after numerous attempts andanddiscussions with forecasters in the IMGW-PIB Central Meteorological Office in Krakow more than the last few years. Because of the substantial variations in meteorological situations near the ground, only 12 fields from the surface level were employed within this evaluation (Table 2). The correctness of this selection was confirmed in quite a few situations, where fields and levels that had been not relevant towards the occurrence and transformation of weather fronts have been excluded.Atmosphere 2021, 12,four ofTable 1. ERA5 stress level variables. Nr 1 2 three four 5 6 7 eight 9 ten 11 12 13 14 15 16 Table 2. ERA5 surface variables. Nr 1 two 3 four 5 six 7 8 9 10 11 12 Name 10 m u-component of wind ten m v-component of wind 2 m temperature skin temperature cloud base height high cloud cover low cloud cover medium cloud cover total cloud cover imply sea level pressure total precipitation surface pressure Abbreviation 10u 10v 2t skt cbh hcc lcc mcc tcc msl tp sp Name divergence fraction of cloud cover geopotential mass mixing ratio potential vorticity relative humidity specific cloud ice water content material distinct cl.