T increased with the addition of cornstarch and dextran, respectively. Within a assessment, Jayakumar et

T increased with the addition of cornstarch and dextran, respectively. Within a assessment, Jayakumar et al. discussed the chemical modification of MMP-17 Proteins Biological Activity chitin and chitosan with sulfate to generate new bifunctional materials [91]. Because the modification would not alter the fundamental skeleton of chitin and chitosan, it would maintain the original physicochemical and biochemical properties, and ultimately would bring new or improved properties. The SUMO Proteins Storage & Stability sulfated chitin and chitosan have a variety of applications, such as adsorbing metal ions, in drug-delivery systems, blood compatibility and within the antibacterial field. Equivalent research on the characterization of physical and biological properties of chitosan preparations had been also reported by Altiok et al. [17], Kim et al. [63], Sung et al. [66], Keong et al. [92], Lu et al. [93] and Meng et al. [94].NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNewest developments regarding chitosanIn current years, new forms of chemically modified chitosan have been created as a way to increase the properties of chitosan for a variety of biological activities, and these substances have gained increasing consideration. Representative members of those novel polymers consist of ammonium chitosans, carboxymethyl chitosan and derivatives. Ammonium chitosan One particular issue that limits the application of native chitosan is its non-solubility in neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions. As a result, chitosan derivatives containing quaternary ammonium salts, which include N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, N-propyl-N,N-dimethyl chitosan and Nfurfuryl-N,N-dimethyl chitosan have been investigated for enhanced solubility in water and subsequently enhanced biological activities. Studies have shown that all quaternary ammonium chitosan derivatives were very water-soluble at acidic, basic and neutral pH [9500]. Compared with native chitosan, ammonium chitosan demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial properties [95,98,99] and drug-delivery abilities [96]. Carboxymethyl chitosan Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is another modification of chitosan formed by attaching carboxymethyl groups towards the chitosan backbone. According to the location of your carboxymethyl group attachment, CMC can be known as `N’ when the carboxymehthyl group attaches to the amine, `O’ when it attaches for the major hydroxyl group or N,O,carboxymethyl chitosan when attached to both [101]. CMC has the advantage of a greaterExpert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Author manuscript; obtainable in PMC 2012 Could 1.Dai et al.Pagesolubility variety than native chitosan. CMC has now been extensively studied for its activities for drug delivery [102,103], hemostasis [104], antimicrobial action [10507] plus the stimulation of wound healing [41].NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptExpert commentaryThe primary objectives of wound care and management are prevention of infection, maintenance of a moist atmosphere, protection of your wound and achievement of speedy and total healing using the minimum scar formation. Chitosan, as a cationic natural polymer, has been widely utilised as a topical dressing in wound management owing to its hemostatic, stimulation of healing, antimicrobial, nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Within this assessment, we covered the antimicrobial and wound-healing effects of chitosan preparations for wounds and burns. With respect to the antimicrobial effects, in-vitro studies have shown that chitosan as well as its derivatives and complexes are act.