Ction (10th injection; Fig. 2 B II). These results suggest that ATF

Ction (10th injection; Fig. 2 B II). These results suggest that ATF6a may contribute to neuronal survival and protein aggregation regulation in the early stages, but not in the late stages, of PD. Regarding the cell death pathwaysUPR Activation and Neuroprotection by INWe previously reported that IN19 activated the UPR and protected dopaminergic neurons against acute MPTP administration [11]. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective property of IN19 in the chronic MPTP/P injection model. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that IN19 administration (86IN19 administration p.o./2 weeks) upregulated the expression of ORP150 (Fig. 5 A I, II) and GRP78 (Fig. S3 A) in TH-positiveUnfolded Protein Response in Parkinson’s DiseaseUnfolded Protein Response in Parkinson’s DiseaseFigure 4. Reduced UPR levels and gene expression in ATF6a2/2 mice after MPTP/P injections. Protein expression of neurotrophic Dimethylenastron chemical information factor (A I), anti-oxidative genes (B I), astrogliosis-inducing factor (C I, II), and the UPR-target genes (A I, B I). Protein extracts from brains (CPu) of wild-type or ATF6a 2/2 mice that were injected or not injected with MPTP/P were subjected to Western blotting with the indicated antibodies (A I, B I, C I), or subjected to IL-6 ELISA (C II). Relative intensities are shown in the graphs. The intensity of the genes from wild-type mice without MPTP/P administration is designated as one. Values shown are the mean 6 S.D. *P,0.05, compared with mice without MPTP/P administration. #P,0.05, compared between wild-type and ATF6a 2/2 brains (n = 4). Transcripts of neurotrophic factor (A II), anti-oxidative genes (B II), astrogliosis-inducing factors (C III), and the UPR-target genes (A II, B II). Total RNA (1mg) isolated from wild-type or ATF6a 2/2 brains (CPu) at indicated times after 1st MPTP/P injection was subjected to qRT-PCR with specific primers for the indicated genes. The relative intensity of the genes from wild-type mice not administered MPTP/P is designated as one. Values shown are the mean 6 S.D. *P,0.05, **P,0.01, compared with the mice without MPTP/P administration. #P,0.05, compared between wild-type and ATF6a 2/2 brains (n = 4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047950.ginvolved in our model, increased expression of activated caspase-3 was observed in ATF6a 2/2 dopaminergic neurons after MPTP/P injections. However, the expression of CHOP, a medi-ator of ER stress-induced cell death, was reduced in ATF6a 2/2 mice compared with wild-type mice after MPTP/P MC-LR chemical information injections (Fig. 4 A II, C II). These data suggest that the accelerated neuronalFigure 5. UPR in the brain after tangeretin (IN19) administration. A, UPR activation in dopaminergic neurons (I) and astrocytes (II) by IN19. Brain sections, including SN from wild-type mice administered or not administered IN19 for 2 weeks (4 times/week) were immunostained with the ORP150, TH, and GFAP antibodies. The relative intensity of ORP150 in the TH-positive cells (I) or the GFAP-positive cells (II) is shown in the graph. The intensity of the signals derived from vehicle-administered mice is designated 16574785 as one. Values shown are the mean 6 S.D. *P,0.05, compared between vehicle- and IN19-administered mice (n = 4). Scale bars = 30 mm (I), 20 mm (II). B, Gene expression in the UPR branches and gliosis after IN19 administration. Total RNA (1 mg) isolated from brain samples, including the ventral midbrain, with or without IN19 administration was subjected to RT-PCR with specific primers for ATF6a-related genes.Ction (10th injection; Fig. 2 B II). These results suggest that ATF6a may contribute to neuronal survival and protein aggregation regulation in the early stages, but not in the late stages, of PD. Regarding the cell death pathwaysUPR Activation and Neuroprotection by INWe previously reported that IN19 activated the UPR and protected dopaminergic neurons against acute MPTP administration [11]. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective property of IN19 in the chronic MPTP/P injection model. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that IN19 administration (86IN19 administration p.o./2 weeks) upregulated the expression of ORP150 (Fig. 5 A I, II) and GRP78 (Fig. S3 A) in TH-positiveUnfolded Protein Response in Parkinson’s DiseaseUnfolded Protein Response in Parkinson’s DiseaseFigure 4. Reduced UPR levels and gene expression in ATF6a2/2 mice after MPTP/P injections. Protein expression of neurotrophic factor (A I), anti-oxidative genes (B I), astrogliosis-inducing factor (C I, II), and the UPR-target genes (A I, B I). Protein extracts from brains (CPu) of wild-type or ATF6a 2/2 mice that were injected or not injected with MPTP/P were subjected to Western blotting with the indicated antibodies (A I, B I, C I), or subjected to IL-6 ELISA (C II). Relative intensities are shown in the graphs. The intensity of the genes from wild-type mice without MPTP/P administration is designated as one. Values shown are the mean 6 S.D. *P,0.05, compared with mice without MPTP/P administration. #P,0.05, compared between wild-type and ATF6a 2/2 brains (n = 4). Transcripts of neurotrophic factor (A II), anti-oxidative genes (B II), astrogliosis-inducing factors (C III), and the UPR-target genes (A II, B II). Total RNA (1mg) isolated from wild-type or ATF6a 2/2 brains (CPu) at indicated times after 1st MPTP/P injection was subjected to qRT-PCR with specific primers for the indicated genes. The relative intensity of the genes from wild-type mice not administered MPTP/P is designated as one. Values shown are the mean 6 S.D. *P,0.05, **P,0.01, compared with the mice without MPTP/P administration. #P,0.05, compared between wild-type and ATF6a 2/2 brains (n = 4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047950.ginvolved in our model, increased expression of activated caspase-3 was observed in ATF6a 2/2 dopaminergic neurons after MPTP/P injections. However, the expression of CHOP, a medi-ator of ER stress-induced cell death, was reduced in ATF6a 2/2 mice compared with wild-type mice after MPTP/P injections (Fig. 4 A II, C II). These data suggest that the accelerated neuronalFigure 5. UPR in the brain after tangeretin (IN19) administration. A, UPR activation in dopaminergic neurons (I) and astrocytes (II) by IN19. Brain sections, including SN from wild-type mice administered or not administered IN19 for 2 weeks (4 times/week) were immunostained with the ORP150, TH, and GFAP antibodies. The relative intensity of ORP150 in the TH-positive cells (I) or the GFAP-positive cells (II) is shown in the graph. The intensity of the signals derived from vehicle-administered mice is designated 16574785 as one. Values shown are the mean 6 S.D. *P,0.05, compared between vehicle- and IN19-administered mice (n = 4). Scale bars = 30 mm (I), 20 mm (II). B, Gene expression in the UPR branches and gliosis after IN19 administration. Total RNA (1 mg) isolated from brain samples, including the ventral midbrain, with or without IN19 administration was subjected to RT-PCR with specific primers for ATF6a-related genes.