Ples with established lesions (Fig. 4D). A more pronounced expression of

Ples with established lesions (Fig. 4D). A more pronounced expression of IL-13 was seen in the biopsies taken from the neo-terminal ileum, either with or without endoscopic recurrence, and specimens with established lesions in comparison to control samples (Fig. 4F and Tables 1?).Early Induction of IL-12 during CD InflammationOverall the above results indicate that the very early stage of CD-associated inflammation is characterized by increased expression of Th1 cytokines. As IL-12 is the major inducer of IFN-c, [5?6] IL-12 RNA and protein expression was analysed in 11967625 our samples by real-time PCR and ELISA respectively. RNA expression of both IL-12/p35 and IL-12/p40 subunits was more pronounced in samples taken from the neo-terminal ileum, either with or without endoscopic recurrence, and established lesions of CD patients in comparison to normal controls (Fig. 5A ). Consistently, analysis of the heterodimeric IL-12 protein confirmed higher expression in samples of CD patients regardless of whether these were taken from areas with or without macroscopic lesions (Fig. 5C).IL-23, TNF and IL-6 are Differently Expressed in the Mucosa of CD Patients with Early and Established LesionsMechanisms involved in the control of IL-17A production in humans are not fully understood, but Enzastaurin studies performed in experimental models indicate that IL-23, TNF-a and IL-6 positively regulate IL-17A synthesis. [18,26?8] The specific IL23/p19 subunit was significantly increased in CD samples taken from the neo-terminal ileum with endoscopic recurrence and established lesions, but not from the macroscopically Entrectinib unaffected neo-terminal ileum, as compared to normal controls (Fig. 6A). RNA transcripts for IL-23/p19 did not significantly differ between the macroscopically unaffected neo-terminal ileum and normal controls (Fig. 6A). TNF-a was up regulated in CD samples obtained from the neo-terminal ileum, either with or without endoscopic recurrence, but not from established lesions, as compared to normal controls (Fig. 6B and Tables 1?). IL-6 was up regulated only in CD samples obtained from the neo-terminalOver-expression of Th2-cytokines Occur in Both the Macroscopically Affected Neo-terminal Ileum and Established Lesions of CD PatientsPioneering studies by Desreumaux and colleagues showed that early CD lesions are marked by enhanced gene expression of Th2 cytokines. [25] Enhanced expression of IL-4 and IL-5 was seen in CD biopsies taken from the neo-terminal ileum with endoscopic recurrence and in samples with established lesions as compared toDistinct Cytokine Patterns in CDFigure 4. IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 are up regulated in CD tissue with early and established lesions. Transcripts for IL-4 (A), IL-5 (E) and IL-13 (F) were analysed in ileal samples taken from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0 1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2 4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls by real-time PCR and normalized to b-actin. Data indicate individual values of cytokines in single biopsies and horizontal bars represent the median value. B. Flow cytometry analysis of IL-4-producing cells in CD3+LPMC isolated from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0 1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2 4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls. LPMC were gated on CD3+ cells and subsequently analysed for the expression of IL-4. Data indicate individual values and horizontal bars represent the median value. Right.Ples with established lesions (Fig. 4D). A more pronounced expression of IL-13 was seen in the biopsies taken from the neo-terminal ileum, either with or without endoscopic recurrence, and specimens with established lesions in comparison to control samples (Fig. 4F and Tables 1?).Early Induction of IL-12 during CD InflammationOverall the above results indicate that the very early stage of CD-associated inflammation is characterized by increased expression of Th1 cytokines. As IL-12 is the major inducer of IFN-c, [5?6] IL-12 RNA and protein expression was analysed in 11967625 our samples by real-time PCR and ELISA respectively. RNA expression of both IL-12/p35 and IL-12/p40 subunits was more pronounced in samples taken from the neo-terminal ileum, either with or without endoscopic recurrence, and established lesions of CD patients in comparison to normal controls (Fig. 5A ). Consistently, analysis of the heterodimeric IL-12 protein confirmed higher expression in samples of CD patients regardless of whether these were taken from areas with or without macroscopic lesions (Fig. 5C).IL-23, TNF and IL-6 are Differently Expressed in the Mucosa of CD Patients with Early and Established LesionsMechanisms involved in the control of IL-17A production in humans are not fully understood, but studies performed in experimental models indicate that IL-23, TNF-a and IL-6 positively regulate IL-17A synthesis. [18,26?8] The specific IL23/p19 subunit was significantly increased in CD samples taken from the neo-terminal ileum with endoscopic recurrence and established lesions, but not from the macroscopically unaffected neo-terminal ileum, as compared to normal controls (Fig. 6A). RNA transcripts for IL-23/p19 did not significantly differ between the macroscopically unaffected neo-terminal ileum and normal controls (Fig. 6A). TNF-a was up regulated in CD samples obtained from the neo-terminal ileum, either with or without endoscopic recurrence, but not from established lesions, as compared to normal controls (Fig. 6B and Tables 1?). IL-6 was up regulated only in CD samples obtained from the neo-terminalOver-expression of Th2-cytokines Occur in Both the Macroscopically Affected Neo-terminal Ileum and Established Lesions of CD PatientsPioneering studies by Desreumaux and colleagues showed that early CD lesions are marked by enhanced gene expression of Th2 cytokines. [25] Enhanced expression of IL-4 and IL-5 was seen in CD biopsies taken from the neo-terminal ileum with endoscopic recurrence and in samples with established lesions as compared toDistinct Cytokine Patterns in CDFigure 4. IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 are up regulated in CD tissue with early and established lesions. Transcripts for IL-4 (A), IL-5 (E) and IL-13 (F) were analysed in ileal samples taken from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0 1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2 4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls by real-time PCR and normalized to b-actin. Data indicate individual values of cytokines in single biopsies and horizontal bars represent the median value. B. Flow cytometry analysis of IL-4-producing cells in CD3+LPMC isolated from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0 1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2 4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls. LPMC were gated on CD3+ cells and subsequently analysed for the expression of IL-4. Data indicate individual values and horizontal bars represent the median value. Right.