Ay’ almost every day was 39.6 in the HC group compared to

Ay’ LOR-253 Tyrphostin AG 490 cancer biological activity almost every day was 39.6 in the HC group compared to 22.5 in the LC group (P < 0.05). The percentage of those who ate fruits or fruit juice almost every day was 35.8 in the HC group and 18.7 in the LC group (P < 0.001). Among six unhealthy eating behaviors, only `eating sweets or soft drinks' was significantly different by calcium intake level (P < 0.01). About 37 of the HC group compared to 16.2 of the LC group ate sweets infrequently (0-2 days/week).DISCUSSIONThis study examined the cognitive factors, including knowledge, outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors, in relation to calcium intake based on SCT. In this study, only 22.1 of subjects consumed the recommended level of calcium, indicating that most subjects had insufficient calcium in their diets. Mean intake of calcium by subjects in this study was 464.1 mg (not presented in Table), which was 71.4 of the recommended intake for calcium [28]. The study result was similar to that of the Korea NHANES (2013), wherein women aged 19-29 years consumed 69.4 of the recommended calcium intake [4]. Hong et al. (2012) [29] also reported that calcium intake bycollege female students was 74 of the recommended level, with significant differences among groups by bone mass (527.9 mg/day in the normal group, 488.8 mg/day in the osteopenia group, and 479.5 mg/day in the osteoporosis group). In a study by Yu et al. (2013) [30], calcium intake by Koreans was lower than that by Americans in all age groups examined, especially adolescents. These results raise concerns that calcium intake by young adult women is deficient and needs to be increased for bone health. A study on female college students [31] also reported that 27 of students were at risk for osteopenia or osteoporosis. In the current study, major foods contributing to calcium intake were mainly dairy products (milk 25.0 , ice cream 10.0 , yogurt 7.6 , and cheese 5.1 of calcium intake) and anchovy (6.5 , not presented in Table). Therefore, practical tips for consuming dairy foods or anchovy need to be developed to increase calcium consumption in young adult women. The study results show that nutrition knowledge of subjects had a score of 67.5 out of 100. In a study on college students, Kim (2012) [19] reported that mean score of nutrition knowledge scored 6.7 out of 15 (44.9 out of 100). Other studies on college students also reported a nutrition knowledge score of 10.8 out of 20 (54.2 out of 100) [32] and osteoporosis knowledge score of 12.7 out of 20 (63.5 out of 100) [18]. A study on female osteoporosis patients [20] showed that osteoporosis knowledge (risk factors, food and nutrition, etc.) scored 19.8 out of 27 (73.3 out of 100). Zhang Chandran [22] measured osteoporosis knowledge in nurses and reported a mean knowledge score of 14.5 out of 20 (72.5 out of 100). Since the nutrition knowledge measure in the current study was developed for this study based on literature reviews, it is not possible to directly compare the knowledge results to other studies. Nutrition knowledge in this study was slightly higher than that of previous studies on college students [19,32,33], although the nutrition knowledge of subjects was still inadequate. Nutrition knowledge, either total score or each knowledge score, was not different by calcium intake status. Nutrition knowledge items in this study were composed of items on general nutrition, calcium nutrition, and osteoporosis knowledge. Subjects were knowledgeable in.Ay' almost every day was 39.6 in the HC group compared to 22.5 in the LC group (P < 0.05). The percentage of those who ate fruits or fruit juice almost every day was 35.8 in the HC group and 18.7 in the LC group (P < 0.001). Among six unhealthy eating behaviors, only `eating sweets or soft drinks' was significantly different by calcium intake level (P < 0.01). About 37 of the HC group compared to 16.2 of the LC group ate sweets infrequently (0-2 days/week).DISCUSSIONThis study examined the cognitive factors, including knowledge, outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors, in relation to calcium intake based on SCT. In this study, only 22.1 of subjects consumed the recommended level of calcium, indicating that most subjects had insufficient calcium in their diets. Mean intake of calcium by subjects in this study was 464.1 mg (not presented in Table), which was 71.4 of the recommended intake for calcium [28]. The study result was similar to that of the Korea NHANES (2013), wherein women aged 19-29 years consumed 69.4 of the recommended calcium intake [4]. Hong et al. (2012) [29] also reported that calcium intake bycollege female students was 74 of the recommended level, with significant differences among groups by bone mass (527.9 mg/day in the normal group, 488.8 mg/day in the osteopenia group, and 479.5 mg/day in the osteoporosis group). In a study by Yu et al. (2013) [30], calcium intake by Koreans was lower than that by Americans in all age groups examined, especially adolescents. These results raise concerns that calcium intake by young adult women is deficient and needs to be increased for bone health. A study on female college students [31] also reported that 27 of students were at risk for osteopenia or osteoporosis. In the current study, major foods contributing to calcium intake were mainly dairy products (milk 25.0 , ice cream 10.0 , yogurt 7.6 , and cheese 5.1 of calcium intake) and anchovy (6.5 , not presented in Table). Therefore, practical tips for consuming dairy foods or anchovy need to be developed to increase calcium consumption in young adult women. The study results show that nutrition knowledge of subjects had a score of 67.5 out of 100. In a study on college students, Kim (2012) [19] reported that mean score of nutrition knowledge scored 6.7 out of 15 (44.9 out of 100). Other studies on college students also reported a nutrition knowledge score of 10.8 out of 20 (54.2 out of 100) [32] and osteoporosis knowledge score of 12.7 out of 20 (63.5 out of 100) [18]. A study on female osteoporosis patients [20] showed that osteoporosis knowledge (risk factors, food and nutrition, etc.) scored 19.8 out of 27 (73.3 out of 100). Zhang Chandran [22] measured osteoporosis knowledge in nurses and reported a mean knowledge score of 14.5 out of 20 (72.5 out of 100). Since the nutrition knowledge measure in the current study was developed for this study based on literature reviews, it is not possible to directly compare the knowledge results to other studies. Nutrition knowledge in this study was slightly higher than that of previous studies on college students [19,32,33], although the nutrition knowledge of subjects was still inadequate. Nutrition knowledge, either total score or each knowledge score, was not different by calcium intake status. Nutrition knowledge items in this study were composed of items on general nutrition, calcium nutrition, and osteoporosis knowledge. Subjects were knowledgeable in.