Statistical analysis Results are expressed as mean 6 SEM.Reliable water monitoring systems are therefore crucial

hanks ” to Adriaan van Aelst and 8733580 Tiny Franssen-Verheijen for assistance with electron microscopy and Jacques Meis for strains. Anidulafungin was contributed by Pfizer, NL. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: CJI PMS. Performed the experiments: CJI. Analyzed the data: CJI PMS. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: CJI. Wrote the paper: CJI PMS. As one of the major cell types comprising alveolar epithelial tissue, the alveolar type II epithelial cells play an important role in maintaining alveolar integrity by forming the key alveolar barrier, repairing damaged type I cells, and being the source of alveolar surfactant. Increasing studies also suggest a critical role for alveolar type II epithelial cells in regulating local lung inflammatory response. For example, our previous study and others have suggested that alveolar type II epithelial cells may play special roles in counteracting microbes by releasing cytokines and chemokines that recruit both dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages to the site of infection. However, the potential role of alveolar type II epithelial cells in lung innate immunity and the molecular mechanisms whereby the expressions of inflammatory mediators are regulated in alveolar type II epithelial cells remain largely unknown. IL-1b is one of the most biologically active cytokines in edema fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients at an early stage of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, IL-1b has been shown to affect the function of the lung epithelial barrier. IL-1b is known to modulate the activity of many transcription factors including NF-kB and C/EBPs. However, the role of C/EBPs in IL-1b-mediated inflammatory responses in alveolar type II epithelial cells remains unknown. The goal of the current study was to investigate the role of C/EBPc in IL-1bstimulated IL-6 production from alveolar type II epithelial cells. C/EBPa, -b, -d, -e, -c, and -f comprise a family of basic regionleucine zipper transcription factors that dimerize through a leucine zipper and bind to DNA through an adjacent basic region. All C/EBP members can form homo- and hetero-dimers with other family members. C/EBPs can activate transcription from promoters that contain a consensus binding site: 59-TNNGNAA-39. Among them, C/EBPb and -d appear to be effectors in the induction of genes responsive to LPS, IL-1b or IL-6 stimulation, and have been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory mediators as well as other gene products associated with the activation of macrophages and the acute phase inflammatory BIRB796 web response . C/EBPc is a ubiquitously expressed member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors that has been shown to be an inhibitor of C/EBP transcriptional activators. Different from C/EBPb and -d, C/EBPc was proposed to act as a buffer against C/EBP-mediated activation because of the fact that C/EBPc lacks known activation domains. C/ EBPc-deficient mice showed a high mortality rate within 48 h after birth. Although C/EBPc chimeras showed normal T and B cell development, the cytolytic functions of their splenic natural killer cells after stimulation with cytokines such as IL-12, IL-18 and IL-2 were significantly reduced. However, the role C/EBPc Suppresses IL-6 Production of C/EBPc in inflammation remains largely unknown. In the current study, we demonstrate that C/EBPc expression is induced by IL-1b in lung epithelial cells, and apparently contributes to the inhibition of IL-1b-