With 8 AT-hooks, but no acidic Cterminal tail, therefore appearing divergent from

With 8 AT-hooks, but no acidic Cterminal tail, therefore appearing divergent from classical HMGA proteins that are usually about 100 aminoacid residues long withAT-hooks and an acidic C-terminal tail. Database searches with the deduced protein sequence from our cDNA identified one almost identical sequence in Xenopus laevis (accession number NM_001114793) and another one shared by both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis (NM_001110735 and NM_ 001079207, respectively). Alignment of the proteins deduced from theMulti-AT-Hook Factors in Xenopusdifferent cDNAs shows that their sequences are highly similar (Fig. 1A). In particular, the protein encoded by NM_001114793 (XHMG-AT-hook2) is 298 aa long and differs from XHMG-AThook1 by a deletion of 27 aa from the N-terminal sequence, another small deletion of 2 aminoacids and a P to L change. On the other hand, the two other sequences (NM_001110735 and NM 001079207) code for a conserved protein, that we named XHMG-AT-hook3, of 276 aa in Xenopus laevis and 278 aa in Xenopus tropicalis, that is clearly related to XHMG-AT-hook1 and 2 but contains 6 instead of 8 AT-hooks (Fig. 1A). From inspection of XHMG-AT-hook1 protein sequence we found stretches of amino acid sequences that are repeated. In particular, box 1, containing the first AT-hook, is repeated almost identically around the second AT-hook, and box 2, containing the fifth and sixth AT-hooks, is also repeated (see color-shaded boxes in Fig. 1A). These repeated sequences are conserved in XHMG-AT-hook2, while in XHMGAT-hook3 only the first box is repeated, thus resulting in a protein with only 6 AT-hooks (Fig. 1A). It is therefore possible to speculate that box 1 and 2 repeats of XHMG-AT-hook3 occurred from internal DNA duplications within an ancestral sequence and that duplication of box 2 further occurred in Xenopus laevis, giving rise to XHMG-AT-hook1 and XHMG-AT-hook2. This hypothesis is supported by the intron-exon organization of the genomic locus in Xenopus tropicalis (Fig. S1). SC 66 biological activity comparison of Xhmg-at-hook3 with Xhmg-at-hook1 and 2 sequences at the nucleotide level (data not shown) shows that the three Xhmg-at-hook sequences represent closely related cDNA and that only Xhmg-at-hook3 is present in both species. When the three Xhmg-at-hook sequences are searched in the Xenopus tropicalis genome using the Ensembl genome browser, they all map to the genomic location GL173032.1, suggesting that they may represent divergent versions of a single gene present in Xenopus tropicalis (Fig. S1). Besides, this location also contains sequences matching the 59UTR and the 39UTR of Xenopus laevis Xhmga-at-hook1 and Xhmgaat-hook2 that are not present in the Xhmga-at-hook3 transcript (Fig. S1). In particular, comparison of their sequences with the genomic sequences of Xenopus tropicalis suggests that the three mRNA isoforms found in Xenopus laevis may result from differential splicing and that Xhmga-at-hook1 and Xhmga-at-hook2 contain a duplication of a region including exon 7 (exon 7bis) that occurred in Xenopus laevis and encodes the duplicated box 2 of the protein (Fig. 1B). For example, when the last intron (intron 7? in Xenopus 23977191 tropicalis) is 256373-96-3 spliced out and exon 7 is joined to exon 8, translation of the mRNA results in XHMG-AT-hook3, characterized by its specific C-terminal part (aa VKGSSVQKNEKTSGTDGP in Xenopus laevis). In addition, in Xenopus laevis both exon 7 and exon 7bis may be included in the mRNA and in this case translation results in XHMG.With 8 AT-hooks, but no acidic Cterminal tail, therefore appearing divergent from classical HMGA proteins that are usually about 100 aminoacid residues long withAT-hooks and an acidic C-terminal tail. Database searches with the deduced protein sequence from our cDNA identified one almost identical sequence in Xenopus laevis (accession number NM_001114793) and another one shared by both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis (NM_001110735 and NM_ 001079207, respectively). Alignment of the proteins deduced from theMulti-AT-Hook Factors in Xenopusdifferent cDNAs shows that their sequences are highly similar (Fig. 1A). In particular, the protein encoded by NM_001114793 (XHMG-AT-hook2) is 298 aa long and differs from XHMG-AThook1 by a deletion of 27 aa from the N-terminal sequence, another small deletion of 2 aminoacids and a P to L change. On the other hand, the two other sequences (NM_001110735 and NM 001079207) code for a conserved protein, that we named XHMG-AT-hook3, of 276 aa in Xenopus laevis and 278 aa in Xenopus tropicalis, that is clearly related to XHMG-AT-hook1 and 2 but contains 6 instead of 8 AT-hooks (Fig. 1A). From inspection of XHMG-AT-hook1 protein sequence we found stretches of amino acid sequences that are repeated. In particular, box 1, containing the first AT-hook, is repeated almost identically around the second AT-hook, and box 2, containing the fifth and sixth AT-hooks, is also repeated (see color-shaded boxes in Fig. 1A). These repeated sequences are conserved in XHMG-AT-hook2, while in XHMGAT-hook3 only the first box is repeated, thus resulting in a protein with only 6 AT-hooks (Fig. 1A). It is therefore possible to speculate that box 1 and 2 repeats of XHMG-AT-hook3 occurred from internal DNA duplications within an ancestral sequence and that duplication of box 2 further occurred in Xenopus laevis, giving rise to XHMG-AT-hook1 and XHMG-AT-hook2. This hypothesis is supported by the intron-exon organization of the genomic locus in Xenopus tropicalis (Fig. S1). Comparison of Xhmg-at-hook3 with Xhmg-at-hook1 and 2 sequences at the nucleotide level (data not shown) shows that the three Xhmg-at-hook sequences represent closely related cDNA and that only Xhmg-at-hook3 is present in both species. When the three Xhmg-at-hook sequences are searched in the Xenopus tropicalis genome using the Ensembl genome browser, they all map to the genomic location GL173032.1, suggesting that they may represent divergent versions of a single gene present in Xenopus tropicalis (Fig. S1). Besides, this location also contains sequences matching the 59UTR and the 39UTR of Xenopus laevis Xhmga-at-hook1 and Xhmgaat-hook2 that are not present in the Xhmga-at-hook3 transcript (Fig. S1). In particular, comparison of their sequences with the genomic sequences of Xenopus tropicalis suggests that the three mRNA isoforms found in Xenopus laevis may result from differential splicing and that Xhmga-at-hook1 and Xhmga-at-hook2 contain a duplication of a region including exon 7 (exon 7bis) that occurred in Xenopus laevis and encodes the duplicated box 2 of the protein (Fig. 1B). For example, when the last intron (intron 7? in Xenopus 23977191 tropicalis) is spliced out and exon 7 is joined to exon 8, translation of the mRNA results in XHMG-AT-hook3, characterized by its specific C-terminal part (aa VKGSSVQKNEKTSGTDGP in Xenopus laevis). In addition, in Xenopus laevis both exon 7 and exon 7bis may be included in the mRNA and in this case translation results in XHMG.