Er 40X and 60X magnification. Statistical Analysis. Significance was determined at a P-value 0.05. Data is presented as the mean ?the 95 confidence interval of a minimum of three samples per treatment group.ResultsDistribution of PQKnowledge about the distribution of PQ7 in a biological system is important for the potential usage of this compound as an anticancer agent. PQ7 at 25 mg/kg was Title Loaded From File administered to 5-week-old female mice systemically by Title Loaded From File intraperitoneal injection. The total amount of PQ7 administered to each animal was defined as 100 . Six hours after the injection of PQ7, only 8.14 of the compound was detectable in the tissue collected. At 12, 24, and 36 hours post administration 4.65, 1.53, and 0.29 of the original compound was measurable by HPLC, respectively. Six hours after treatment the majority of PQ7 was detectedThe effect of PQ7 on mammary carcinomaFigure 1. Distribution of PQ7 in mice. Mice treated 16574785 with 25 mg/kg of PQ7 were euthanized at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. The total amount of PQ7 administered to each animal was defined as 100 . Bar graph represents the mean distribution of PQ7 with a 95 confidence interval. Data obtained from sample size of n = 6 mice.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067174.gin the heart, liver, lung, and uterus at levels of 1.4 (107 ), 1.3 (98.74 ), 1.2 (90.90 ), and 1.1 (82.02 ) of the total amount administered, respectively (Figure 1). A lower detectable level was measured in the kidney (0.85 ; 65.94 ) and brain (0.92 ; 71.34 ). At 12 hours post exposure, the concentration of PQ7 changed in the liver from 1.28 of that administered at 6 hours post injection to 0.47 (34.73 ). At this time point PQ7 was no longer detectable in the spleen. At 24 hours post injection the compound was no longer detectable in the heart or uterus, while the lung and intestine had the highest concentration, at 0.41 (31.83 ) and 0.48 (38.05 ) respectively. After 24 hours of treatment, no PQ7 was found in the majority of the organs tested or the plasma. At 36 hours post exposure, the compound was detectable in limited amounts in the intestine (0.21 ; 15.01 ) and liver (0.07 ; 5.21 ). The trend in distribution of PQ7 remained fairly consistent in all tissues tested including plasma.Analysis of vital organs post PQ7 exposureMultiple vital organs (brain, heart, liver and kidney) were examined using histopathology to determine any potentially detrimental effects of PQ7 administration in a single dose or in 7 doses spread over a period of 14 days. There were no morphological changes, evidence of hemorrhage, or inflammation in the tissues compared to control. This indicates that PQ7 had no toxicity to the normal tissue of healthy C57BL/6J mice. All mice exposed to PQ7 had no observed adverse effects on their health or behavior. PQ7 has been shown to enhance GJIC and increase the expression of connexins (Cx) in neoplastic cells [4,6]. The expression of Cx43 in PQ7 treated and untreated organs were compared. Cx43 was detected in all tissues tested (Figure 2A). PQ7 treatment initially decreased Cx43 expression in the heart, lung, liver, uterus, and brain at 6 hours post injection (Figure 2B). The spleen had a significant decrease in Cx43 expression at 12 hours post injection. The heart and liver recovered normal expression levels after 24 hours. Cx43 expression in the lung, uterus, and brain remained significantly lower than normal over theThe effect of PQ7 on mammary carcinomahours observed. There was no observab.Er 40X and 60X magnification. Statistical Analysis. Significance was determined at a P-value 0.05. Data is presented as the mean ?the 95 confidence interval of a minimum of three samples per treatment group.ResultsDistribution of PQKnowledge about the distribution of PQ7 in a biological system is important for the potential usage of this compound as an anticancer agent. PQ7 at 25 mg/kg was administered to 5-week-old female mice systemically by intraperitoneal injection. The total amount of PQ7 administered to each animal was defined as 100 . Six hours after the injection of PQ7, only 8.14 of the compound was detectable in the tissue collected. At 12, 24, and 36 hours post administration 4.65, 1.53, and 0.29 of the original compound was measurable by HPLC, respectively. Six hours after treatment the majority of PQ7 was detectedThe effect of PQ7 on mammary carcinomaFigure 1. Distribution of PQ7 in mice. Mice treated 16574785 with 25 mg/kg of PQ7 were euthanized at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours. The total amount of PQ7 administered to each animal was defined as 100 . Bar graph represents the mean distribution of PQ7 with a 95 confidence interval. Data obtained from sample size of n = 6 mice.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067174.gin the heart, liver, lung, and uterus at levels of 1.4 (107 ), 1.3 (98.74 ), 1.2 (90.90 ), and 1.1 (82.02 ) of the total amount administered, respectively (Figure 1). A lower detectable level was measured in the kidney (0.85 ; 65.94 ) and brain (0.92 ; 71.34 ). At 12 hours post exposure, the concentration of PQ7 changed in the liver from 1.28 of that administered at 6 hours post injection to 0.47 (34.73 ). At this time point PQ7 was no longer detectable in the spleen. At 24 hours post injection the compound was no longer detectable in the heart or uterus, while the lung and intestine had the highest concentration, at 0.41 (31.83 ) and 0.48 (38.05 ) respectively. After 24 hours of treatment, no PQ7 was found in the majority of the organs tested or the plasma. At 36 hours post exposure, the compound was detectable in limited amounts in the intestine (0.21 ; 15.01 ) and liver (0.07 ; 5.21 ). The trend in distribution of PQ7 remained fairly consistent in all tissues tested including plasma.Analysis of vital organs post PQ7 exposureMultiple vital organs (brain, heart, liver and kidney) were examined using histopathology to determine any potentially detrimental effects of PQ7 administration in a single dose or in 7 doses spread over a period of 14 days. There were no morphological changes, evidence of hemorrhage, or inflammation in the tissues compared to control. This indicates that PQ7 had no toxicity to the normal tissue of healthy C57BL/6J mice. All mice exposed to PQ7 had no observed adverse effects on their health or behavior. PQ7 has been shown to enhance GJIC and increase the expression of connexins (Cx) in neoplastic cells [4,6]. The expression of Cx43 in PQ7 treated and untreated organs were compared. Cx43 was detected in all tissues tested (Figure 2A). PQ7 treatment initially decreased Cx43 expression in the heart, lung, liver, uterus, and brain at 6 hours post injection (Figure 2B). The spleen had a significant decrease in Cx43 expression at 12 hours post injection. The heart and liver recovered normal expression levels after 24 hours. Cx43 expression in the lung, uterus, and brain remained significantly lower than normal over theThe effect of PQ7 on mammary carcinomahours observed. There was no observab.
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