However, a major drawback is that they target the early steps of biosynthesis thus blocking all prostanoids

ysates from the right ears were assayed for IL-1b and TSLP. As TSLP levels were high in the Veh/veh group, the left ears from mice in all the groups were assayed for TSLP protein levels. Additionally, six ears from untreated BALB/c mice were also examined for TSLP protein levels. A minimum of five animals were tested per condition except where noted above, and the results show the mean 6 SEM. P < 0.001, P < 0.05. anti-TSLP treatment had no effect on GRO-a levels in the ear, whereas both concentrations of Cmpd A tested brought levels down significantly. This further illustrates that multiple pathways are impacted by inhibition of the CRTH2 PGD2 interaction that culminates in reducing FITC-induced inflammation. 90 FITC-induced skin inflammation is CRTH2 dependent Fig. 6. Anti-TSLP antibody treatment only partially inhibits allergic inflammation in contrast to CRTH2 antagonism. One hour prior to FITC challenge, mice received drug Veh p.o., drug Veh p.o. and 500 lg control antibody intravenously, Cmpd A p.o., Cmpd A and control antibody i.v., anti-TSLP antibody i.v. and Cmpd A p.o. and anti-TSLP antibody i.v. Seven hours after FITC challenge to the right ear, the appropriate groups received either drug Veh or Cmpd A p.o. Twenty-four hours after challenge, ear thickness was determined and the change in thickness calculated. Ear sections isolated 24 h after FITC challenge were stained with H and E. Protein lysates from the treated ears were assayed for IL-4 and GRO-a. Fifty micrograms of total protein from lysates were analyzed by ELISA. The results show the mean cytokine levels 6 SEM of a minimum of five mice per treatment group. Fig. 7. CRTH2 is expressed by basal epidermal cells in human skin. Human skin was analyzed by IHC for CRTH2 expression using an antihuman CRTH2 polyclonal antibody. Control staining with a polyclonal rabbit primary antibody is also shown. No reliable antimouse CRTH2 antibody is available, so CRTH2 expression in mouse skin was not examined. FITC-induced skin inflammation is CRTH2 dependent CRTH2 is expressed by the basal epidermal layer of human skin Together, the induction of TSLP, IL-1b, GRO-a and MIP-2 expression suggested that cutaneous epithelial cells or keratinocytes may be directly or indirectly stimulated by PGD2 released from activated mast cells, thereby initiating an allergic inflammatory response. To investigate this, human skin was examined by IHC analysis and revealed CRTH2 expression in the basal epidermis. This observation raises the possibility that PGD2 may initiate inflammation in this FITC model in part by activating CRTH2 expressed on epidermal cells. Discussion We used a well-characterized model of FITC-induced contact hypersensitivity to examine the role of the PGD2 receptor, CRTH2, in mediating the inflammatory response. In this model, mice are sensitized to FITC by two topical applications to the ventral skin on days 1 and 2, and this results in FITC-specific IgE antibody production. Six days following the second MedChemExpress Danoprevir PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825521 abdominal painting, the mice are challenged by a topical FITC application to the right ear. The ensuing inflammatory response and skin lesions in many ways reflect acute lesions observed in human AD. Using this murine model, we established that much of the inflammatory response observed is dependent upon the CRTH2PGD2 receptor, and not on the DP1 receptor, as the DP1 antagonist, BW868c, did not inhibit ear swelling post-FITC challenge. Further, this response was both dose dependent