Ing Prism (version 4, GraphPad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA) and

Ing Prism (version 4, GraphPad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA) and differences were accepted as statistically significant when p,0.05. Effect of treatment on MAP and HR within each group was analyzed using a paired t-test, and between groups at baseline and drug using an unpaired t-test with a Bonferroni correction (2 comparisons; p,0.025). Effects of each drug perturbation on Qfem and VC between CTRL and PD were analyzed using unpaired t-tests. The potential synergy between Y1R and a1R activation was assessed by comparing the sum of the drug responses from the ML 240 biological activity BIBP3226 and prazosin conditions against those of the BIBP3226+prazosin condition using a paired t-test. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare cellular data (from Western blot and immunoassay) between groups. Pearson’s Correlation was used to assess correlation between body mass and Qfem or VC. Data are presented as mean values 6 standard error (SE).similar between groups (Table 1). At baseline, both groups displayed similar MAP (85?5 mmHg), however HR was greater in PD versus CTRL (p,0.025, Table 2). Baseline Qfem and VC were similar between groups and similar before each drug perturbation (Table 3). This observation was independent of body mass, as there was no correlation between body mass and Qfem or VC (r = 0.11, p = 0.65). Vehicle infusion of saline had no effect on MAP, HR, Qfem or VC in either group. The magnitude of vascular responses to bolus infusions of ACh and SNP were similar between groups, indicating that endothelial and smooth muscle cell functionality were preserved in PD (Table 4). Representative tracings of mean hindlimb vascular conductance to pharmacologic interventions are shown for a CTRL and PD rat in Figure 1.223488-57-1 web Functional effects of local Y1R and a1R blockadeEffect of local Y1R blockade (BIBP3226). Following Y1R antagonism, MAP was unchanged for both groups, however HR increased from baseline in PD (p,0.05, Table 2). Qfem and VC increased from baseline in CTRL (DQfem = 70617 ml/min; DVC = 1.060.2 ml/min/mmHg21) and PD (DQfem = 190645 ml/ min; DVC = 2.860.8 ml/min/mmHg) (p,0.05), however the increase in Qfem and VC following Y1R blockade was greater in PD compared to CTRL (p,0.05, Figure 2). Percent change in VC was greater in PD (75613 ) versus CTRL (31612 ) (p,0.05, Figure 3). Effect of local a1R blockade (prazosin). Following a1R antagonism, MAP decreased 1562 and 2665 mmHg, for CTRL and PD respectively (p,0.05, Table 2) and HR was unchanged from baseline (Table 2). Qfem and VC increased from baseline in CTRL (DQfem = 39613 ml/min; DVC = 1.560.3 ml/min/mmHg) and PD (DQfem = 149637 ml/min; DVC = 3.260.4 ml/min/ mmHg), where the increase in Qfem and VC was greater in PD compared to CTRL (p,0.05, Figure 2). Percent change in VC was greater in PD (94611 ) versus CTRL (4169 ) (p,0.05, Figure 3).Results BaselineBody mass, blood glucose, insulin, lactate, mean end tidal 1326631 CO2 and respiratory rate were significantly greater in PD versus CTRL (p,0.001, Table 1), however expired O2 and blood pH wereTable 4. Hindlimb blood flow and vascular conductance at baseline and following acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside interventions.Acetylcholine CTRL Hindlimb blood flow (ml/min) Baseline Drug Vascular conductance (ml/min/mmHg) Baseline Drug Values are mean 6 SE. CTRL, control, n = 6?; PD, pre-diabetic, n = 6?. *p,0.05 vs. Baseline. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046659.t004 380650 708666* 4.260.6 1061* 395630 760693* 3.760.5 1061* PDSodium Nitroprusside CTRL PD385666 50367.Ing Prism (version 4, GraphPad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA) and differences were accepted as statistically significant when p,0.05. Effect of treatment on MAP and HR within each group was analyzed using a paired t-test, and between groups at baseline and drug using an unpaired t-test with a Bonferroni correction (2 comparisons; p,0.025). Effects of each drug perturbation on Qfem and VC between CTRL and PD were analyzed using unpaired t-tests. The potential synergy between Y1R and a1R activation was assessed by comparing the sum of the drug responses from the BIBP3226 and prazosin conditions against those of the BIBP3226+prazosin condition using a paired t-test. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare cellular data (from Western blot and immunoassay) between groups. Pearson’s Correlation was used to assess correlation between body mass and Qfem or VC. Data are presented as mean values 6 standard error (SE).similar between groups (Table 1). At baseline, both groups displayed similar MAP (85?5 mmHg), however HR was greater in PD versus CTRL (p,0.025, Table 2). Baseline Qfem and VC were similar between groups and similar before each drug perturbation (Table 3). This observation was independent of body mass, as there was no correlation between body mass and Qfem or VC (r = 0.11, p = 0.65). Vehicle infusion of saline had no effect on MAP, HR, Qfem or VC in either group. The magnitude of vascular responses to bolus infusions of ACh and SNP were similar between groups, indicating that endothelial and smooth muscle cell functionality were preserved in PD (Table 4). Representative tracings of mean hindlimb vascular conductance to pharmacologic interventions are shown for a CTRL and PD rat in Figure 1.Functional effects of local Y1R and a1R blockadeEffect of local Y1R blockade (BIBP3226). Following Y1R antagonism, MAP was unchanged for both groups, however HR increased from baseline in PD (p,0.05, Table 2). Qfem and VC increased from baseline in CTRL (DQfem = 70617 ml/min; DVC = 1.060.2 ml/min/mmHg21) and PD (DQfem = 190645 ml/ min; DVC = 2.860.8 ml/min/mmHg) (p,0.05), however the increase in Qfem and VC following Y1R blockade was greater in PD compared to CTRL (p,0.05, Figure 2). Percent change in VC was greater in PD (75613 ) versus CTRL (31612 ) (p,0.05, Figure 3). Effect of local a1R blockade (prazosin). Following a1R antagonism, MAP decreased 1562 and 2665 mmHg, for CTRL and PD respectively (p,0.05, Table 2) and HR was unchanged from baseline (Table 2). Qfem and VC increased from baseline in CTRL (DQfem = 39613 ml/min; DVC = 1.560.3 ml/min/mmHg) and PD (DQfem = 149637 ml/min; DVC = 3.260.4 ml/min/ mmHg), where the increase in Qfem and VC was greater in PD compared to CTRL (p,0.05, Figure 2). Percent change in VC was greater in PD (94611 ) versus CTRL (4169 ) (p,0.05, Figure 3).Results BaselineBody mass, blood glucose, insulin, lactate, mean end tidal 1326631 CO2 and respiratory rate were significantly greater in PD versus CTRL (p,0.001, Table 1), however expired O2 and blood pH wereTable 4. Hindlimb blood flow and vascular conductance at baseline and following acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside interventions.Acetylcholine CTRL Hindlimb blood flow (ml/min) Baseline Drug Vascular conductance (ml/min/mmHg) Baseline Drug Values are mean 6 SE. CTRL, control, n = 6?; PD, pre-diabetic, n = 6?. *p,0.05 vs. Baseline. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046659.t004 380650 708666* 4.260.6 1061* 395630 760693* 3.760.5 1061* PDSodium Nitroprusside CTRL PD385666 50367.