Rol mice showed an average of 1064 of RPE containing deposits, compared

Rol mice showed an average of 1064 of RPE containing deposits, compared to 1966 in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice (Fig. 5). However, only 3 out of 14 (21 ) control mice aged between 5 and 13 months contained deposits along more than 10 of length of RPEAge-Related Changes in RPE of Choroideremia ModelFigure 4. Irregularity of basal infoldings and basal laminar deposits in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice. Electron micrographs of the RPE of 5-month old ChmFlox (A), littermate ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ (B and C) and 1-year old ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ (D ) mice. BIs are very regular in control mice (parenthesis in A). They disappear in some areas or expand in the cytoplasm of ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice (B). The box in B is enlarged in panel C and shows early BLamDs underneath BIs. Membrane debris and membrane bound vesicles accumulate in late BLamDs (D and E). Panel E is a magnification of the rectangularAge-Related Changes in RPE of Choroideremia Modelbox in D. Note thickening of BrM in D. Small arrowheads indicate fibrillar materials in BLamDs, asterisks highlight striations, big arrowheads indicate membrane debris, double arrows show BrM thickness. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B), 0.5 mm (C ). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057769.gcompared to 7 out of 11 (64 ) ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice, demonstrating that loss of Rep1 in the RPE causes an increased likelihood of developing these deposits. Deposits were also observed beneath the basal lamina within BrM [Basal linear Deposits (BlinD)] (Fig. 6B ). In ChmFlox mice, BrM is highly organized, approximately 0.5 mm thick, composed of the RPE basement membrane, the inner collagen layer, the elastic layer, the outer collagen layer and the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris (Fig. 6A). This organisation was lost in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ animals as young as 5-months and became even more dramatic by 1-year. BrM was thickened in some areas (Fig. 4D, 6B and 6C), containing vesicles and 125-65-5 various membranes within it (Fig. 6B and 6D). In addition, endothelial cells from the choriocapillaris sent numerous protrusions towards BrM (Fig. 6B and 6C). The thickness of BrM was measured in four ChmFlox, TyrCre+ animals and their littermate controls. In control animals BrM was on average 0.45 mm 60.02 thick compared to 0.58 mm 60.03 in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice (Fig. 6E). Figure 6F illustrates how some areas of the retina were more affected than others in a ChmFlox, TyrCre+ mice. In this particular Pentagastrin web example, BrM is 1.5 to 2 times thicker than the control in half of the length of RPE analysed. Irregularity in BIs and changes in BrM thickness were more severe in aged animals (older than 2-year) in both control and ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice. In control mice RPE cells can exhibit a normal organisation (Fig. 7A) but disorganised BIs and early and late BLamDs can also be observed in areas of the eye (Fig. 7C). The striations in BLamDs (Fig. 7D) were more defined than in younger ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice, and resembled banded collagen type VI. A combination of aging and loss of Rep1 resulted in an exacerbated phenotype such that in 2-year old ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice, BrM was thicker in most places (Fig. 7B) and very large early and late BLamDs were frequently observed (Fig. 7B and 7F). Intracellular deposits were more frequent and larger in older ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice and also contained lipid droplets (asterisks in Fig. 7F) and membranes resembling outer segment disks (arrowhead in inset of Fig. 7E).DiscussionIn this study we examine the in vivo consequences of chronic defects.Rol mice showed an average of 1064 of RPE containing deposits, compared to 1966 in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice (Fig. 5). However, only 3 out of 14 (21 ) control mice aged between 5 and 13 months contained deposits along more than 10 of length of RPEAge-Related Changes in RPE of Choroideremia ModelFigure 4. Irregularity of basal infoldings and basal laminar deposits in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice. Electron micrographs of the RPE of 5-month old ChmFlox (A), littermate ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ (B and C) and 1-year old ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ (D ) mice. BIs are very regular in control mice (parenthesis in A). They disappear in some areas or expand in the cytoplasm of ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice (B). The box in B is enlarged in panel C and shows early BLamDs underneath BIs. Membrane debris and membrane bound vesicles accumulate in late BLamDs (D and E). Panel E is a magnification of the rectangularAge-Related Changes in RPE of Choroideremia Modelbox in D. Note thickening of BrM in D. Small arrowheads indicate fibrillar materials in BLamDs, asterisks highlight striations, big arrowheads indicate membrane debris, double arrows show BrM thickness. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B), 0.5 mm (C ). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057769.gcompared to 7 out of 11 (64 ) ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice, demonstrating that loss of Rep1 in the RPE causes an increased likelihood of developing these deposits. Deposits were also observed beneath the basal lamina within BrM [Basal linear Deposits (BlinD)] (Fig. 6B ). In ChmFlox mice, BrM is highly organized, approximately 0.5 mm thick, composed of the RPE basement membrane, the inner collagen layer, the elastic layer, the outer collagen layer and the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris (Fig. 6A). This organisation was lost in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ animals as young as 5-months and became even more dramatic by 1-year. BrM was thickened in some areas (Fig. 4D, 6B and 6C), containing vesicles and various membranes within it (Fig. 6B and 6D). In addition, endothelial cells from the choriocapillaris sent numerous protrusions towards BrM (Fig. 6B and 6C). The thickness of BrM was measured in four ChmFlox, TyrCre+ animals and their littermate controls. In control animals BrM was on average 0.45 mm 60.02 thick compared to 0.58 mm 60.03 in ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice (Fig. 6E). Figure 6F illustrates how some areas of the retina were more affected than others in a ChmFlox, TyrCre+ mice. In this particular example, BrM is 1.5 to 2 times thicker than the control in half of the length of RPE analysed. Irregularity in BIs and changes in BrM thickness were more severe in aged animals (older than 2-year) in both control and ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice. In control mice RPE cells can exhibit a normal organisation (Fig. 7A) but disorganised BIs and early and late BLamDs can also be observed in areas of the eye (Fig. 7C). The striations in BLamDs (Fig. 7D) were more defined than in younger ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice, and resembled banded collagen type VI. A combination of aging and loss of Rep1 resulted in an exacerbated phenotype such that in 2-year old ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice, BrM was thicker in most places (Fig. 7B) and very large early and late BLamDs were frequently observed (Fig. 7B and 7F). Intracellular deposits were more frequent and larger in older ChmFlox, Tyr-Cre+ mice and also contained lipid droplets (asterisks in Fig. 7F) and membranes resembling outer segment disks (arrowhead in inset of Fig. 7E).DiscussionIn this study we examine the in vivo consequences of chronic defects.