Al reasons. Delmarva and the Chesapeake Bay coincide with the final

Al reasons. Delmarva and the Chesapeake Bay coincide with the final significant merging zone of the Atlantic Migratory Flyway serving waterfowl, the natural reservoirs for influenza A viruses, from the far reaches of the Arctic Ocean, Northwest Territories ofCanada, and Greenland [7]. In 1998, a survey of free get Cucurbitacin I flying resident ducks on the Eastern Shore of Maryland revealed that almost 14 of the sampled population was positive for AI, representing nine different subtype combinations [8]. Another study reported that shorebirds migrating through the Delaware Bay had the highest frequency of AI viruses compared to similar populations along the Atlantic flyway [9]. Delmarva is also within close proximity to the live bird markets of the Northeast, which have been susceptible to AI outbreaks in the past [10]. Disease surveillance and prevention are critical as the U.S. is the world’s leading producer of poultry meat and the second largest poultry meat exporter and egg producer, valuing the industry at over 35.6 billion a year in 2010 [11]. Delmarva has a dense commercial poultry industry with over 1,500 broiler MedChemExpress Lecirelin operations, placing Maryland at eighth in the nation’s top broiler producing states in 2011 [12]. Ownership of backyard poultry is also becoming a fast growing trend for many Americans, which make up a diverse community with varying education and management practices. These factors support the need for ongoing surveillance research and biosecurity education to minimize the costsBiosecurity in Maryland Backyard Poultryassociated with quarantines, depopulation, loss of production time, and international trade restrictions. At present, only a few studies have evaluated the prevalence of AI in backyard flocks. Government agencies are carefully monitoring and inspecting live bird markets, commercial flocks, and migratory bird populations. However, there remains little surveillance of private poultry flocks which are not confined to the same strict biosecurity practices as their commercial counterparts. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted in non-commercial backyard poultry flocks using a convenience sampling method across three regions of Maryland from July 2011 to August 2011. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and seroprevalence of avian influenza in this potentially vulnerable population and to evaluate biosecurity risk factors associated with positive findings.Serologuc AssayscELISA. Serum was separated from the clot by centrifugation at 1,3006 g for 10 minutes in a swinging bucket centrifuge 1516647 and stored at 220uC. Evaluation for antibodies to influenza A viruses in sera was carried out using Synbiotics USDA-licensed screening kit, Flu DETECTH BE. The Flu DETECTH BE kit is designed to detect antibodies against a recombinant nucleoprotein. Plates were read using the ELX800 microplate reader (BIO-TEK instruments, INC., Winooski, VT) and ProFILE3 software (Synbiotics Corp., Kansas City, MO). Positive serum was determined based on the serum sample to negative control ratio (SN,0.6) designated by the Synbiotics kit. SN,0.6 is equivalent to 40 inhibition.VirusesInfluenza virus strains A/Mallard/PA/10218/84 (H5N2), A/ Mallard/Alberta/24/01 (H7N3), and A/Quail/Arkansas/202091/93 (H9N2) were generously provided by Dr. Daniel Perez from the University of Maryland (College Park, MD). Viruses were propagated in nine day-old embryonated chicken eggs for 48 hours as previously described [13].Materials and Method.Al reasons. Delmarva and the Chesapeake Bay coincide with the final significant merging zone of the Atlantic Migratory Flyway serving waterfowl, the natural reservoirs for influenza A viruses, from the far reaches of the Arctic Ocean, Northwest Territories ofCanada, and Greenland [7]. In 1998, a survey of free flying resident ducks on the Eastern Shore of Maryland revealed that almost 14 of the sampled population was positive for AI, representing nine different subtype combinations [8]. Another study reported that shorebirds migrating through the Delaware Bay had the highest frequency of AI viruses compared to similar populations along the Atlantic flyway [9]. Delmarva is also within close proximity to the live bird markets of the Northeast, which have been susceptible to AI outbreaks in the past [10]. Disease surveillance and prevention are critical as the U.S. is the world’s leading producer of poultry meat and the second largest poultry meat exporter and egg producer, valuing the industry at over 35.6 billion a year in 2010 [11]. Delmarva has a dense commercial poultry industry with over 1,500 broiler operations, placing Maryland at eighth in the nation’s top broiler producing states in 2011 [12]. Ownership of backyard poultry is also becoming a fast growing trend for many Americans, which make up a diverse community with varying education and management practices. These factors support the need for ongoing surveillance research and biosecurity education to minimize the costsBiosecurity in Maryland Backyard Poultryassociated with quarantines, depopulation, loss of production time, and international trade restrictions. At present, only a few studies have evaluated the prevalence of AI in backyard flocks. Government agencies are carefully monitoring and inspecting live bird markets, commercial flocks, and migratory bird populations. However, there remains little surveillance of private poultry flocks which are not confined to the same strict biosecurity practices as their commercial counterparts. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted in non-commercial backyard poultry flocks using a convenience sampling method across three regions of Maryland from July 2011 to August 2011. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and seroprevalence of avian influenza in this potentially vulnerable population and to evaluate biosecurity risk factors associated with positive findings.Serologuc AssayscELISA. Serum was separated from the clot by centrifugation at 1,3006 g for 10 minutes in a swinging bucket centrifuge 1516647 and stored at 220uC. Evaluation for antibodies to influenza A viruses in sera was carried out using Synbiotics USDA-licensed screening kit, Flu DETECTH BE. The Flu DETECTH BE kit is designed to detect antibodies against a recombinant nucleoprotein. Plates were read using the ELX800 microplate reader (BIO-TEK instruments, INC., Winooski, VT) and ProFILE3 software (Synbiotics Corp., Kansas City, MO). Positive serum was determined based on the serum sample to negative control ratio (SN,0.6) designated by the Synbiotics kit. SN,0.6 is equivalent to 40 inhibition.VirusesInfluenza virus strains A/Mallard/PA/10218/84 (H5N2), A/ Mallard/Alberta/24/01 (H7N3), and A/Quail/Arkansas/202091/93 (H9N2) were generously provided by Dr. Daniel Perez from the University of Maryland (College Park, MD). Viruses were propagated in nine day-old embryonated chicken eggs for 48 hours as previously described [13].Materials and Method.