Erved in animals expressing Shits both during pupal development or 2 days

Erved in animals expressing Shits both during pupal development or 2 days post eclosion (Fig. 2A). KS-176 flight defects were more severe when synaptic activity was blocked during pupal development (52.5 63.14) than in animals expressing Shits 2 days post eclosion (33.2 61.2). Air-puff stimulated responses recorded from DLMs were absent in 7/15 flies expressing 25033180 Shits during pupal development (Fig. 2B). The remaining flies showed wild-type like flight patterns. When flies expressing Shits in serotonergic neurons were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature as 2d old adults, electrophysiological recording from the DLMs showed that 5/15 flies could initiate but were unable to maintain flight while the remaining flies showednormal flight patterns. The 5 flies that could not maintain flight showed low spike frequencies (,2 Hz) for the first 5 sec followed by no spikes in subsequent bins while the remaining flies showed wild-type like flight frequencies (Fig. 2C). These data suggest that there is a greater requirement for synaptic activity in serotonergic neurons during flight circuit development, followed by reduced requirement in adults.Depletion of IP3R and SOCE in serotonergic neurons does not affect flightIP3R mutants in Drosophila are flightless and show increased spontaneous firing from the DLMs. Expression of the IP3R in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons (a subset of aminergic neurons) by DdcGAL4 is sufficient to restore flight to itpr mutantsFigure 5. Loss of synaptic activity in serotonergic neurons does not affect cell numbers in the adult brain. A) Immunohistochemistry of the adult brain expressing mCD8GFP/TNTvif in TRHGAL4 domains. All TRHGAL4 positive neurons (anti-GFP, green) stain with anti-5-HT (red and green merge), except for 6 medial cells (MD), 1 cell in LP1 (LG1), 2 in LP2 (LG2), 1 in SE1 (SG1) and 1 in SE3 (SE3), which are GFP-positive but 5-HT negative. B) Immunohistochemistry on a TRHGAL4/TNTH brain collected from flies which passed the column flight test (fliers). Medial cells are seen (green). C) Immunohistochemistry on a TRH/TNTH brain collected from non-fliers. No difference is seen as compared with controls in A and B. D) Schematic of the brain showing cells marked by TRHGAL4 (anti-GFP, green) and anti-5-HT. Medial cells are not stained with anti-5-HT. E) Number of cells marked by anti-GFP and anti-5-HT staining does not vary between control and tetanus toxin expressing serotonergic neurons among fliers and non-fliers. (Nomenclature based on [26]). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046405.gSerotonergic Modulation of Drosophila Flight[8]. While, pan-neuronal knockdown of either IP3R or components of Store-operated calcium entry, STIM 1527786 and Orai, resulted in flight defects similar to the itpr mutants [13,24], aminergic neuronspecific knockdown (driven by DdcGAL4) did not show a flight phenotype, with the exception of increased spontaneous firing from the DLMs [8,24]. To test the requirement of IP3R or SOCE function in serotonergic neurons specifically, TRHGAL4 was used to drive the expression of previously tested RNAi knock-down constructs for itpr, dSTIM and dOrai. Similar to previous results with DdcGAL4 driven knockdown, wing GHRH (1-29) posture and flight defects were absent (Fig. 3A, B). However increased spontaneous firing from the DLMs was observed with all three RNAi lines when expressed in TRH neurons (Fig. 3C, D). Thus, perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in serotonergic neurons does not affect flight and suggests tha.Erved in animals expressing Shits both during pupal development or 2 days post eclosion (Fig. 2A). Flight defects were more severe when synaptic activity was blocked during pupal development (52.5 63.14) than in animals expressing Shits 2 days post eclosion (33.2 61.2). Air-puff stimulated responses recorded from DLMs were absent in 7/15 flies expressing 25033180 Shits during pupal development (Fig. 2B). The remaining flies showed wild-type like flight patterns. When flies expressing Shits in serotonergic neurons were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature as 2d old adults, electrophysiological recording from the DLMs showed that 5/15 flies could initiate but were unable to maintain flight while the remaining flies showednormal flight patterns. The 5 flies that could not maintain flight showed low spike frequencies (,2 Hz) for the first 5 sec followed by no spikes in subsequent bins while the remaining flies showed wild-type like flight frequencies (Fig. 2C). These data suggest that there is a greater requirement for synaptic activity in serotonergic neurons during flight circuit development, followed by reduced requirement in adults.Depletion of IP3R and SOCE in serotonergic neurons does not affect flightIP3R mutants in Drosophila are flightless and show increased spontaneous firing from the DLMs. Expression of the IP3R in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons (a subset of aminergic neurons) by DdcGAL4 is sufficient to restore flight to itpr mutantsFigure 5. Loss of synaptic activity in serotonergic neurons does not affect cell numbers in the adult brain. A) Immunohistochemistry of the adult brain expressing mCD8GFP/TNTvif in TRHGAL4 domains. All TRHGAL4 positive neurons (anti-GFP, green) stain with anti-5-HT (red and green merge), except for 6 medial cells (MD), 1 cell in LP1 (LG1), 2 in LP2 (LG2), 1 in SE1 (SG1) and 1 in SE3 (SE3), which are GFP-positive but 5-HT negative. B) Immunohistochemistry on a TRHGAL4/TNTH brain collected from flies which passed the column flight test (fliers). Medial cells are seen (green). C) Immunohistochemistry on a TRH/TNTH brain collected from non-fliers. No difference is seen as compared with controls in A and B. D) Schematic of the brain showing cells marked by TRHGAL4 (anti-GFP, green) and anti-5-HT. Medial cells are not stained with anti-5-HT. E) Number of cells marked by anti-GFP and anti-5-HT staining does not vary between control and tetanus toxin expressing serotonergic neurons among fliers and non-fliers. (Nomenclature based on [26]). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046405.gSerotonergic Modulation of Drosophila Flight[8]. While, pan-neuronal knockdown of either IP3R or components of Store-operated calcium entry, STIM 1527786 and Orai, resulted in flight defects similar to the itpr mutants [13,24], aminergic neuronspecific knockdown (driven by DdcGAL4) did not show a flight phenotype, with the exception of increased spontaneous firing from the DLMs [8,24]. To test the requirement of IP3R or SOCE function in serotonergic neurons specifically, TRHGAL4 was used to drive the expression of previously tested RNAi knock-down constructs for itpr, dSTIM and dOrai. Similar to previous results with DdcGAL4 driven knockdown, wing posture and flight defects were absent (Fig. 3A, B). However increased spontaneous firing from the DLMs was observed with all three RNAi lines when expressed in TRH neurons (Fig. 3C, D). Thus, perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in serotonergic neurons does not affect flight and suggests tha.