Eica, VT100S). Slices were equilibrated with an oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal

Eica, VT100S). Slices were equilibrated with an oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for .1 h at 32uC before transfer to the recording chamber. The slices were continuously superfused with aCSF at a rate of 1.5 ml/min containing the following (in mM): 113 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 2.5 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, and 5 glucose in 95 O2/5 CO2.Electrophysiological RecordingsBrain slices were placed on the stage of an upright, infrareddifferential interference contrast microscope (Olympus BX50WI) mounted on a Gibraltar X-Y table (Burleigh) and visualized with a 40X water-immersion objective by infrared microscopy (Olympus OLY-150). Cholinergic Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide price order PTH 1-34 neurons were identified by the presence of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) resulting from expression of the Chat- 23977191 tauGFP transgene. The internal solution for voltage clamp experiments contained (in mM): 130 KCl, 5 CaCl2, 10 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 2 MgATP, 0.5 Na2GTP, and 10 phosphocreatine, for current clamp experiments (in mM): 115 K-Gluconate, 10 KCl, 10 HEPES, 10 EGTA, 0.5 Na2GTP,DMH Cholinergic NeuronsDMH Cholinergic NeuronsFigure 1. Cholinergic neurons in the DMH. A. Images of fluorescence microscopy showing the expression of Chat-positive neurons (green) in the DMH of Chat-tauGFP mice. The distribution of cholinergic neurons within the hypothalamus was restricted to the DMH. B. Image of fluorescence microscopy showing the distribution of Chat-positive neurons (green) at three different levels from Bregma (Bregma 21.7, 21.94 and 22.18; Right panel). Left panel: The reference diagrams were adapted from the Mouse Brain Atlas of Paxinos and Franklin (2nd edition, 2001). C. Graph of the number of Chat-positive neurons at the different levels from Bregma. D. Morphology of Chat-positive neurons. Left panel: Immunocytochemical staining combined biocytin labeling of Chat-positive cells. There were two major Chat+ cell types. Right panel: image of fluorescence microscopy of GFP-expressing neurons (upper 1407003 panel: multipolar-shaped cell, bottom panel: oval or bipolar-shaped cell). E. Responses of Chat-positive neurons to hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current steps. Type I showed a burst of action potentials (upper panel), whereas Type II fired only a single action potential in response to a sustained depolarizing current injection. Scale bar: 50 mV, 100 pA and 100 ms. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060828.gthe Olympus Spinning Disk Confocal microscope (DSU; Olympus).StatisticsStatistical analyses were performed on data obtained from Chat-positive neurons using the independent t-test. The mean values were reported from the entire population tested (Origin 8.0). Data were considered significantly different when the P value was ,0.05. All statistical results are given as means 6 S.E.M.7364 Hz at 79 pA injection; n = 10 neurons and n = 25 neurons, respectively; p.0.05) were not significantly different. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the morphology and the intrinsic property of the two types of Chat-positive neurons.Overnight Fasting Increases Fos Expression in Chatpositive NeuronsAlthough DMH neurons are implicated in ingestive behavior [9], there is little information about the phenotypes of DMH neurons that are responsible for the regulation of food intake. Thus, we performed c-fos immunocytochemistry following overnight food deprivation to determine whether Chat-positive neurons in the DMH are altered in their activity profile in response to the availability of nutrients. We found th.Eica, VT100S). Slices were equilibrated with an oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for .1 h at 32uC before transfer to the recording chamber. The slices were continuously superfused with aCSF at a rate of 1.5 ml/min containing the following (in mM): 113 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 2.5 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, and 5 glucose in 95 O2/5 CO2.Electrophysiological RecordingsBrain slices were placed on the stage of an upright, infrareddifferential interference contrast microscope (Olympus BX50WI) mounted on a Gibraltar X-Y table (Burleigh) and visualized with a 40X water-immersion objective by infrared microscopy (Olympus OLY-150). Cholinergic neurons were identified by the presence of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) resulting from expression of the Chat- 23977191 tauGFP transgene. The internal solution for voltage clamp experiments contained (in mM): 130 KCl, 5 CaCl2, 10 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 2 MgATP, 0.5 Na2GTP, and 10 phosphocreatine, for current clamp experiments (in mM): 115 K-Gluconate, 10 KCl, 10 HEPES, 10 EGTA, 0.5 Na2GTP,DMH Cholinergic NeuronsDMH Cholinergic NeuronsFigure 1. Cholinergic neurons in the DMH. A. Images of fluorescence microscopy showing the expression of Chat-positive neurons (green) in the DMH of Chat-tauGFP mice. The distribution of cholinergic neurons within the hypothalamus was restricted to the DMH. B. Image of fluorescence microscopy showing the distribution of Chat-positive neurons (green) at three different levels from Bregma (Bregma 21.7, 21.94 and 22.18; Right panel). Left panel: The reference diagrams were adapted from the Mouse Brain Atlas of Paxinos and Franklin (2nd edition, 2001). C. Graph of the number of Chat-positive neurons at the different levels from Bregma. D. Morphology of Chat-positive neurons. Left panel: Immunocytochemical staining combined biocytin labeling of Chat-positive cells. There were two major Chat+ cell types. Right panel: image of fluorescence microscopy of GFP-expressing neurons (upper 1407003 panel: multipolar-shaped cell, bottom panel: oval or bipolar-shaped cell). E. Responses of Chat-positive neurons to hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current steps. Type I showed a burst of action potentials (upper panel), whereas Type II fired only a single action potential in response to a sustained depolarizing current injection. Scale bar: 50 mV, 100 pA and 100 ms. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060828.gthe Olympus Spinning Disk Confocal microscope (DSU; Olympus).StatisticsStatistical analyses were performed on data obtained from Chat-positive neurons using the independent t-test. The mean values were reported from the entire population tested (Origin 8.0). Data were considered significantly different when the P value was ,0.05. All statistical results are given as means 6 S.E.M.7364 Hz at 79 pA injection; n = 10 neurons and n = 25 neurons, respectively; p.0.05) were not significantly different. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the morphology and the intrinsic property of the two types of Chat-positive neurons.Overnight Fasting Increases Fos Expression in Chatpositive NeuronsAlthough DMH neurons are implicated in ingestive behavior [9], there is little information about the phenotypes of DMH neurons that are responsible for the regulation of food intake. Thus, we performed c-fos immunocytochemistry following overnight food deprivation to determine whether Chat-positive neurons in the DMH are altered in their activity profile in response to the availability of nutrients. We found th.