Although a recent work has revealed that unitary IPSCs derived from

Although a recent work has revealed that unitary IPSCs derived from PV neurons are affected by CB1 agonists at high concentrations [17]. In contrast, a high-titer antibody against CB1 detects immunoreactivity at the excitatory nerve terminals in the hippocampus and the Pentagastrin chemical information cerebellum [25]. In the rat sensorimotor cortex, single cell RT-PCR detects mRNA of CB1 in pyramidal neurons [26]. In addition, electrophysiological studies reported that both excitatory and inhibitory LTD of synaptic transmission require CB1 activity [14?8]. These findings suggest thatDiscussionIn this study, we examined the postnatal development of protein expression, layer distribution, and synaptic localization of CB1 in the mouse V1, along with the effect of visual experience on these factors. We found that (i) intense CB1 immunoreactivity is mainly observed in layers II/III and VI and localizes at the VGAT-get KS 176 Regulation of CB1 Expression in Mouse VFigure 5. Effects of monocular deprivation on CB1 expression. (A) Representative western blots of CB1 and GAPDH in V1:2 dMD and 7 dMD indicate monocular deprivation for two days and seven days, respectively. The blots of V1, which is contralateral (cont) or ipsilateral (ipsi) to the deprived eye, are represented with that of the normal animal (NR). (B) Mean and SEM of the blot density of CB1 in MD animals normalized to the mean of normal animals (n = 10 animals each, one-way factorial ANOVA, p.0.05). (C) Representative photographs of CB1 immunoreactivity in V1 of normal and MD animals. Scale, 100 mm. (D) Layer proportion of CB1 immunoreactivity was not significantly different among animal groups (two-way ANOVA, p.0.05). (E) Double immunofluorescent staining of CB1 (magenta) and VGAT (green) in the deep layer of V1 of normal and MD animals. The images of MD animals were obtained in the hemisphere contralateral to the deprived eye. Scale, 3 mm. (F) The CC values of CB1/VGAT in the deep layer of V1, which is contralateral to the deprived eye (n = 3 animals each; n = 386 ROIs (NR), 380 ROIs (2 dMD), 389 ROIs (7 dMD), Bonferronicorrected Mann-Whitney U-test, **: p,0.0033, ***: p,0.00033). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053082.gfunctional CB1 receptors are expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, although the expression level 24195657 is higher in inhibitory neurons. In accordance with the previous reports, we found that the colocalization of CB1 and VGAT is significantly higher than that of CB1 and VGluTs in the V1 of P30 mice. Considering that the modulation of PV neuron-derived IPSCs by CB1 agonists diminishes in the V1 at 5 weeks of age [17], CB1 may mainly localize at CCK-positive inhibitory nerve terminals in the mouse V1 at P30.Developmental Regulation of CBIn the binocular region of V1, intense CB1 immunoreactivity in layers II/III and VI was observed at P20 and maintained thereafter to P100. A previous report showed that a CB1 antagonist inhibits the ODP in layer II/III of V1 in mice at P26?1 [13]. In addition, CB1-mediated LTD in layer II/III was reported in juvenile mice [15?8]. Our results are consistent with the previous reports because intense CB1 immunoreactivity in layer II/III already exists at the age at which CB1-mediated developmental plasticity takes place. Because P20 is just before the beginning of the critical period of the ODP in mice [2,27], CB1 expression may contribute to the beginning of the critical period by enabling synaptic plasticity in layer II/III of V1. Although the appearance of CB1 in layer II/.Although a recent work has revealed that unitary IPSCs derived from PV neurons are affected by CB1 agonists at high concentrations [17]. In contrast, a high-titer antibody against CB1 detects immunoreactivity at the excitatory nerve terminals in the hippocampus and the cerebellum [25]. In the rat sensorimotor cortex, single cell RT-PCR detects mRNA of CB1 in pyramidal neurons [26]. In addition, electrophysiological studies reported that both excitatory and inhibitory LTD of synaptic transmission require CB1 activity [14?8]. These findings suggest thatDiscussionIn this study, we examined the postnatal development of protein expression, layer distribution, and synaptic localization of CB1 in the mouse V1, along with the effect of visual experience on these factors. We found that (i) intense CB1 immunoreactivity is mainly observed in layers II/III and VI and localizes at the VGAT-Regulation of CB1 Expression in Mouse VFigure 5. Effects of monocular deprivation on CB1 expression. (A) Representative western blots of CB1 and GAPDH in V1:2 dMD and 7 dMD indicate monocular deprivation for two days and seven days, respectively. The blots of V1, which is contralateral (cont) or ipsilateral (ipsi) to the deprived eye, are represented with that of the normal animal (NR). (B) Mean and SEM of the blot density of CB1 in MD animals normalized to the mean of normal animals (n = 10 animals each, one-way factorial ANOVA, p.0.05). (C) Representative photographs of CB1 immunoreactivity in V1 of normal and MD animals. Scale, 100 mm. (D) Layer proportion of CB1 immunoreactivity was not significantly different among animal groups (two-way ANOVA, p.0.05). (E) Double immunofluorescent staining of CB1 (magenta) and VGAT (green) in the deep layer of V1 of normal and MD animals. The images of MD animals were obtained in the hemisphere contralateral to the deprived eye. Scale, 3 mm. (F) The CC values of CB1/VGAT in the deep layer of V1, which is contralateral to the deprived eye (n = 3 animals each; n = 386 ROIs (NR), 380 ROIs (2 dMD), 389 ROIs (7 dMD), Bonferronicorrected Mann-Whitney U-test, **: p,0.0033, ***: p,0.00033). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053082.gfunctional CB1 receptors are expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, although the expression level 24195657 is higher in inhibitory neurons. In accordance with the previous reports, we found that the colocalization of CB1 and VGAT is significantly higher than that of CB1 and VGluTs in the V1 of P30 mice. Considering that the modulation of PV neuron-derived IPSCs by CB1 agonists diminishes in the V1 at 5 weeks of age [17], CB1 may mainly localize at CCK-positive inhibitory nerve terminals in the mouse V1 at P30.Developmental Regulation of CBIn the binocular region of V1, intense CB1 immunoreactivity in layers II/III and VI was observed at P20 and maintained thereafter to P100. A previous report showed that a CB1 antagonist inhibits the ODP in layer II/III of V1 in mice at P26?1 [13]. In addition, CB1-mediated LTD in layer II/III was reported in juvenile mice [15?8]. Our results are consistent with the previous reports because intense CB1 immunoreactivity in layer II/III already exists at the age at which CB1-mediated developmental plasticity takes place. Because P20 is just before the beginning of the critical period of the ODP in mice [2,27], CB1 expression may contribute to the beginning of the critical period by enabling synaptic plasticity in layer II/III of V1. Although the appearance of CB1 in layer II/.