Hermore, since these are key regulators of inflammation, these results were

Hermore, since these are key regulators of inflammation, these results were essential for our decission to devote the last part of the present study to test further the potential of aeroplysinin-1 as a negative modulator of pro-PF-04554878 site inflammatory biomolecules.Since both MCP-1 and TSP-1 are pro-inflammatory molecules, data shown in Figure 2 clearly indicated that aeroplysinin-1 behaves as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. To get a deeper insight on the anti-inflammatory effects of aeroplysinin-1 in endothelial cells, we decided to use the Human Antibody L-series 507 Cytokine Arrays, which allows for the simultaneous semiquantitative determination of 507 cytokines in conditioned media of cultured cells. Since the levels of inflammatory cytokines released from unstimulated HUVEC are low [15], in these experiments we made use of the SLIGKV-NH2 peptide, a selective agonist of the proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) [30,31] that behaves as a mild inducer of inflammatory cytokine release from HUVEC [15]. Expression results obtained with this kind of arrays should be validated by using alternative, independent experimental approaches. This array assay is an additional and independent experimental approach that validates the original observation of the inhibitory effect of aeroplysinin-1 on both TSP-1 and MCP-1 (cytokines 476, 477 and 353 in Figure 3A) expression by HUVEC. Other three new molecular targets of aeroplysinin-1 were selected with the cytokine array assay and confirmed with independent experimental approaches (Figure 3). ELTD1 (EGF, latrophilin and seven TKI-258 lactate transmembrane domain-containing protein 1) is a poorly characterized protein belonging to the secretin family of Gprotein-couple peptide hormone receptors that has been previously documented as expressed in heart, lung and vessels [32].Aeroplysinin-1 Inhibits Pro-Inflammatory MoleculesFigure 5. Aeroplysinin-1 inhibits key processes and the expression levels of key biomolecules in THP-1 human inflammatory monocytes. A) Aeroplysinin-1 inhibits THP-1 proliferation as determined by the MTT method. B) Aeroplysinin-1 significantly decreases the expression levels of MCP-1 and COX-2 mRNA as determined by qPCR. C) Aeroplysinin-1 significantly decreases the expression levels of COX-2 protein as determined by Western blot. D) Aeroplysinin-1 has no effect on THP-1 migration. E) Aeroplysinin-1 has no effect on THP-1 invasion. Experiments were carried out as described in Material and methods. Data represent mean6SD for three independent experiments (each one with four replicates of each tested concentration). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055203.gLittle is known concerning its functions, although it has been shown to be developmentally regulated in the heart, to be associated with tick burden in cattle, and to be one of eight neuronal genes responsible for subcutaneous fat thickness [32?4]. The matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), also known as interstitial collagenase, is the only enzyme able to initiate the breakdown of the interstitial collagens (types I, II and III). MMP-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and is upregulated by inflammation [35?7]. Finally, interleukin 1a has been described to play a key role in inflammatory and immune responses [38?1]. It is important to take these results related withcytokines with caution since, under the conditions used, an effect of aeroplysinin-1 on PAR-2 signaling cannot be ruled out. Since these results clearly stressed that the anti-ang.Hermore, since these are key regulators of inflammation, these results were essential for our decission to devote the last part of the present study to test further the potential of aeroplysinin-1 as a negative modulator of pro-inflammatory biomolecules.Since both MCP-1 and TSP-1 are pro-inflammatory molecules, data shown in Figure 2 clearly indicated that aeroplysinin-1 behaves as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. To get a deeper insight on the anti-inflammatory effects of aeroplysinin-1 in endothelial cells, we decided to use the Human Antibody L-series 507 Cytokine Arrays, which allows for the simultaneous semiquantitative determination of 507 cytokines in conditioned media of cultured cells. Since the levels of inflammatory cytokines released from unstimulated HUVEC are low [15], in these experiments we made use of the SLIGKV-NH2 peptide, a selective agonist of the proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) [30,31] that behaves as a mild inducer of inflammatory cytokine release from HUVEC [15]. Expression results obtained with this kind of arrays should be validated by using alternative, independent experimental approaches. This array assay is an additional and independent experimental approach that validates the original observation of the inhibitory effect of aeroplysinin-1 on both TSP-1 and MCP-1 (cytokines 476, 477 and 353 in Figure 3A) expression by HUVEC. Other three new molecular targets of aeroplysinin-1 were selected with the cytokine array assay and confirmed with independent experimental approaches (Figure 3). ELTD1 (EGF, latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain-containing protein 1) is a poorly characterized protein belonging to the secretin family of Gprotein-couple peptide hormone receptors that has been previously documented as expressed in heart, lung and vessels [32].Aeroplysinin-1 Inhibits Pro-Inflammatory MoleculesFigure 5. Aeroplysinin-1 inhibits key processes and the expression levels of key biomolecules in THP-1 human inflammatory monocytes. A) Aeroplysinin-1 inhibits THP-1 proliferation as determined by the MTT method. B) Aeroplysinin-1 significantly decreases the expression levels of MCP-1 and COX-2 mRNA as determined by qPCR. C) Aeroplysinin-1 significantly decreases the expression levels of COX-2 protein as determined by Western blot. D) Aeroplysinin-1 has no effect on THP-1 migration. E) Aeroplysinin-1 has no effect on THP-1 invasion. Experiments were carried out as described in Material and methods. Data represent mean6SD for three independent experiments (each one with four replicates of each tested concentration). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055203.gLittle is known concerning its functions, although it has been shown to be developmentally regulated in the heart, to be associated with tick burden in cattle, and to be one of eight neuronal genes responsible for subcutaneous fat thickness [32?4]. The matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), also known as interstitial collagenase, is the only enzyme able to initiate the breakdown of the interstitial collagens (types I, II and III). MMP-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and is upregulated by inflammation [35?7]. Finally, interleukin 1a has been described to play a key role in inflammatory and immune responses [38?1]. It is important to take these results related withcytokines with caution since, under the conditions used, an effect of aeroplysinin-1 on PAR-2 signaling cannot be ruled out. Since these results clearly stressed that the anti-ang.