J-shaped associations between coffee consumption and 10-y cognitive declines were seen in elderly men, with the least decline RG7800 site occurring for men consuming 3 cups of coffee per day in the Finland, Italy, and the Netherlands Elderly (FINE) cohort (16). However, among cohort studies, the Finnish Twin Cohort Study failed to detect an association after a 28-y follow-up (18). Protective associations between tea consumption, another source of caffeine, and cognitive decline have been demonstrated in Chinese adults (10,11). The results of our study suggest that there might be potential acute beneficial effects of caffeine on global cognition, but not other domains. Despite no sex differences, age differentials were significant whereby the putative beneficial effect on global cognition was more noticeable among older adults aged 70 y. Among studies on alcohol intake and cognition (22?1), the Rotterdam Study (36) found that past alcohol consumption was predictive of speed and flexibility in a U-shaped manner, with the best performance among those drinking 1 to 4 glasses per day, particularly women, as was found in other studies (22?5,37?39). However, a linear dose-response relation has also been shown, sometimes with differences by sex (26). One cohort study found that overall, moderate consumption was protective against poor cognitive function, but that the reverse was true among ApoE4+ individuals (22). This effect modification was not found in another study (43). Slower Oroxylin AMedChemExpress 6-Methoxybaicalein memory decline with increased alcohol consumption in men was found in one study, although the opposite relation was found in the case of psychomotor speed among women (44). A cross-sectional positive relation between alcohol intake and memory was noted in one study with both men and women (45). However, heavy alcohol use has also been linked to poorer cognitive outcomes (34,46?8). Finally, few studies found no association between alcohol consumption and cognitive outcomes (49?1). Our896 Beydoun et al.study detected an association between alcohol intake and faster decline in global cognition and letter fluency, as well as attention and executive function, when comparing moderate consumption with lower intake–findings that were not previously replicated. In contrast, an acutely beneficial effect of alcohol in domains of attention and working memory was found in our study, which shows that alcohol can potentially alter cognitive trajectories and cross-sectional performance differently across different domains. Individual nutrients were shown to affect cognition with the most widely studied ones being n? fatty acids (84?6), some B vitamins (87?1), and antioxidants (92?4), all potentially protective against cognitive impairment. Recent studies are beginning to explore how complete dietary patterns may improve cognitive performance (52,54,58) and slow age-related cognitive decline (2,55,57), particularly diets high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, unsaturated fats from fish or olive oil, and whole grain breads/cereals, and low in red and processed meats, high fat dairy, and desserts. Consistent with previous studies, we observed that a nutrient-adequate diet was associated with better performance on global cognition, particularly among those aged <70 y at baseline. Among studies examining dietary quality or patterns in relation to cognition (2,52?8), limited research has explored specific cognitive domains (i.e., memory, executive function, attention). Nevertheless, some studies sugges.J-shaped associations between coffee consumption and 10-y cognitive declines were seen in elderly men, with the least decline occurring for men consuming 3 cups of coffee per day in the Finland, Italy, and the Netherlands Elderly (FINE) cohort (16). However, among cohort studies, the Finnish Twin Cohort Study failed to detect an association after a 28-y follow-up (18). Protective associations between tea consumption, another source of caffeine, and cognitive decline have been demonstrated in Chinese adults (10,11). The results of our study suggest that there might be potential acute beneficial effects of caffeine on global cognition, but not other domains. Despite no sex differences, age differentials were significant whereby the putative beneficial effect on global cognition was more noticeable among older adults aged 70 y. Among studies on alcohol intake and cognition (22?1), the Rotterdam Study (36) found that past alcohol consumption was predictive of speed and flexibility in a U-shaped manner, with the best performance among those drinking 1 to 4 glasses per day, particularly women, as was found in other studies (22?5,37?39). However, a linear dose-response relation has also been shown, sometimes with differences by sex (26). One cohort study found that overall, moderate consumption was protective against poor cognitive function, but that the reverse was true among ApoE4+ individuals (22). This effect modification was not found in another study (43). Slower memory decline with increased alcohol consumption in men was found in one study, although the opposite relation was found in the case of psychomotor speed among women (44). A cross-sectional positive relation between alcohol intake and memory was noted in one study with both men and women (45). However, heavy alcohol use has also been linked to poorer cognitive outcomes (34,46?8). Finally, few studies found no association between alcohol consumption and cognitive outcomes (49?1). Our896 Beydoun et al.study detected an association between alcohol intake and faster decline in global cognition and letter fluency, as well as attention and executive function, when comparing moderate consumption with lower intake--findings that were not previously replicated. In contrast, an acutely beneficial effect of alcohol in domains of attention and working memory was found in our study, which shows that alcohol can potentially alter cognitive trajectories and cross-sectional performance differently across different domains. Individual nutrients were shown to affect cognition with the most widely studied ones being n? fatty acids (84?6), some B vitamins (87?1), and antioxidants (92?4), all potentially protective against cognitive impairment. Recent studies are beginning to explore how complete dietary patterns may improve cognitive performance (52,54,58) and slow age-related cognitive decline (2,55,57), particularly diets high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, unsaturated fats from fish or olive oil, and whole grain breads/cereals, and low in red and processed meats, high fat dairy, and desserts. Consistent with previous studies, we observed that a nutrient-adequate diet was associated with better performance on global cognition, particularly among those aged <70 y at baseline. Among studies examining dietary quality or patterns in relation to cognition (2,52?8), limited research has explored specific cognitive domains (i.e., memory, executive function, attention). Nevertheless, some studies sugges.
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