Ered from that of Zhong J H [42] and Liu F [11], which

Ered from that of Zhong J H [42] and Liu F [11], which may be due to the limited number of studies in these analyses. Thus, well-designed studies with a large sample size that evaluate multiple ethnicities are required. The results of meta-analyses often depend on control selection procedures [43], such as the source of participants. In this metaanalysis, a statistically significant association between the EPHX1 Tyr113His polymorphism and HNC was observed in PCC studies, but not HCC studies, as the latter may contribute to some selection biases. Controls from a hospital population may not be a representative of the general population, especially when the investigated genotypes are associated with disease conditions [11]. In a subgroup analysis of controls in HWE, the 2 associations were only statistically significant in studies in which the controls followed HWE. Potential errors may occur in studies examining populations that deviate from HWE, such as laboratory or genotyping errors, population stratification, selection bias in the choice of controls and other confounding factors [44?5]. Simultaneously, the limited sample size may be an obstacle to obtaining accurate results. In this meta-analysis, a statistically significant association between the EPHX1 Tyr113His polymorphism and HNC was observed in studies enrolling less than 500 participants. The degree of heterogeneity in a meta-analysis partially determines the difficulty in drawing overall conclusions [46]. Q-test and I2 statistics were calculated to test the impact of heterogeneity on the overall comparisons and some subgroup analyses where P<0.1 was considered significant heterogeneity and I2>50 indicated large heterogeneity. Galbraith plot analyses were used to evaluate the potential sources of heterogeneity in this article. In this analysis, three studies [24, 28, 32] were found to be Imatinib (Mesylate)MedChemExpress STI-571 contributors of heterogeneity for the Tyr113His polymorphism, while two studies [24, 31] were found to be contributors of heterogeneity for the His139Arg polymorphism. The heterogeneity was significant reduced after excluding these outlier studies; however, the conclusion was still ZM241385MedChemExpress ZM241385 consistent in the overall comparisons. Furthermore, although we conducted a sensitivity analysis by omitting one study at a time, wePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123347 April 29,11 /EPHX1 Polymorphisms on the Risk of HNC: A Meta-Analysisfound no significant difference, indicating that our results were statistically reliable. Cumulative meta-analyses were also conducted to examine how the evidence has changed over time, and the results were borderline significant. However, the meta-analysis described herein had some limitations. First, unadjusted OR estimates were adopted in this meta-analysis because we could not obtain sufficient information to calculate adjusted ORs with potential confounders, such as age and sex. Second, the study size and the sample size for some subgroup analyses were limited, which contributes to the possibility of type I and type II errors. Thus, the reliability of our results may need to be further tested. Third, similar to previous studies[11], this meta-analysis only focused on analyzing two individual SNPs–a combination (two-SNP) analysis was not performed. However, the activity of EPHX1 can be affected by single Tyr113His and His139Arg polymorphisms or a combination of these polymorphisms [46?7]. In this analysis, only combination (two-SNP) analyses were considered, which prevent.Ered from that of Zhong J H [42] and Liu F [11], which may be due to the limited number of studies in these analyses. Thus, well-designed studies with a large sample size that evaluate multiple ethnicities are required. The results of meta-analyses often depend on control selection procedures [43], such as the source of participants. In this metaanalysis, a statistically significant association between the EPHX1 Tyr113His polymorphism and HNC was observed in PCC studies, but not HCC studies, as the latter may contribute to some selection biases. Controls from a hospital population may not be a representative of the general population, especially when the investigated genotypes are associated with disease conditions [11]. In a subgroup analysis of controls in HWE, the 2 associations were only statistically significant in studies in which the controls followed HWE. Potential errors may occur in studies examining populations that deviate from HWE, such as laboratory or genotyping errors, population stratification, selection bias in the choice of controls and other confounding factors [44?5]. Simultaneously, the limited sample size may be an obstacle to obtaining accurate results. In this meta-analysis, a statistically significant association between the EPHX1 Tyr113His polymorphism and HNC was observed in studies enrolling less than 500 participants. The degree of heterogeneity in a meta-analysis partially determines the difficulty in drawing overall conclusions [46]. Q-test and I2 statistics were calculated to test the impact of heterogeneity on the overall comparisons and some subgroup analyses where P<0.1 was considered significant heterogeneity and I2>50 indicated large heterogeneity. Galbraith plot analyses were used to evaluate the potential sources of heterogeneity in this article. In this analysis, three studies [24, 28, 32] were found to be contributors of heterogeneity for the Tyr113His polymorphism, while two studies [24, 31] were found to be contributors of heterogeneity for the His139Arg polymorphism. The heterogeneity was significant reduced after excluding these outlier studies; however, the conclusion was still consistent in the overall comparisons. Furthermore, although we conducted a sensitivity analysis by omitting one study at a time, wePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123347 April 29,11 /EPHX1 Polymorphisms on the Risk of HNC: A Meta-Analysisfound no significant difference, indicating that our results were statistically reliable. Cumulative meta-analyses were also conducted to examine how the evidence has changed over time, and the results were borderline significant. However, the meta-analysis described herein had some limitations. First, unadjusted OR estimates were adopted in this meta-analysis because we could not obtain sufficient information to calculate adjusted ORs with potential confounders, such as age and sex. Second, the study size and the sample size for some subgroup analyses were limited, which contributes to the possibility of type I and type II errors. Thus, the reliability of our results may need to be further tested. Third, similar to previous studies[11], this meta-analysis only focused on analyzing two individual SNPs–a combination (two-SNP) analysis was not performed. However, the activity of EPHX1 can be affected by single Tyr113His and His139Arg polymorphisms or a combination of these polymorphisms [46?7]. In this analysis, only combination (two-SNP) analyses were considered, which prevent.