V and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs; Chen, Peeling, Yin, Mabey

V and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs; Chen, Peeling, Yin, Mabey, 2011). While HIV prevalence measured among FSWs at government sentinel surveillance sites is under 1 (Ministry of Health of People’s Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, 2011), a 2012 meta-analysis estimated HIV prevalence of 3 among FSWs in some parts of China (Baral et al., 2012). Sex work in China takes a wide diversity of forms, from women who are provided for as `second wives’, to those who seek clients in parks and other public spaces (Huang, Henderson, Pan, Cohen, 2004). The form of sex work matters, as greater HIV/STI risk behaviours have been documented among low-tier FSWs such as those working as `street standers’ and in small karaoke bars (Wang et al., 2012). An increasing number of studies document environmental and structural factors that influence HIV/STI risk in the context of sex work, including poverty, anti-prostitution and health policies, sex work setting and organisations, social mobility, OrnipressinMedChemExpress POR-8 gender-based violence and sexual and gender norms (Choi, 2011; Choi Holroyd, 2007; Huang, 2010; Huang, Henderson, Pan, Cohen, 2004; Huang, Maman, Pan, 2012; Kaufman, 2011; Tucker, Ren, Sapio, 2010; Tucker et al., 2011; Yi et al., 2012). These social and structural drivers of HIV/STI impact a range of occupational health and safety issues that go beyond HIV/STI to include the wide array of concerns that threaten the everyday life and work of women involved in sex work, including violence from clients and police, reproductive health needs, keeping sex work hidden from family, heavy alcohol drinking and exposure to drugs. Despite the need to address social and structural factors, to date, most practical intervention work in China has focused primarily on individual behaviour change (China CDC, 2004; Hong Li, 2009; Hong, Poon, Zhang, 2011). Some efforts have been made at the health policy level, such as building a multi-sectoral working committee with involvement of community-based organisations (CBOs) and FSW peer educators (Kang et al., 2013; Lu, Zhang, Gu, Feng, 2008; Wang et al., 2012). However, the main body of intervention work focuses on increasing HIV/STI knowledge, testing and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (human, rat, mouse, rabbit, canine, porcine) site condom use through health education trainings, venue-based testing and condom distribution (China CDC, 2004; Hong et al., 2011). A closer examination of the influence of social and structural factors on HIV/STI risk within commercial sex is needed. Structural approach to prevent HIV/STI among FSWs: a framework applied to the Chinese context In a global context, we have made great advances in biomedical prevention (Cohen et al., 2013) and notable efforts developing and testing behavioural interventions (Coates, Richter, Caceres, 2008). Yet successful structural interventions remain elusive (Gupta, Parkhurst,Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptGlob Public Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 August 01.Huang et al.PageOgden, Aggleton, Mahal, 2008). Structural approaches, as described by Auerbach, Parkhurst, and C eres (2011, p. 293), aim to `modify social conditions and arrangements by addressing the key drivers of HIV vulnerability that affect the ability of individuals to protect themselves and others from acquiring or transmitting HIV infection’, and these approaches should `foster individual agency … create and support AIDS-competent communities, and b.V and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs; Chen, Peeling, Yin, Mabey, 2011). While HIV prevalence measured among FSWs at government sentinel surveillance sites is under 1 (Ministry of Health of People’s Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, 2011), a 2012 meta-analysis estimated HIV prevalence of 3 among FSWs in some parts of China (Baral et al., 2012). Sex work in China takes a wide diversity of forms, from women who are provided for as `second wives’, to those who seek clients in parks and other public spaces (Huang, Henderson, Pan, Cohen, 2004). The form of sex work matters, as greater HIV/STI risk behaviours have been documented among low-tier FSWs such as those working as `street standers’ and in small karaoke bars (Wang et al., 2012). An increasing number of studies document environmental and structural factors that influence HIV/STI risk in the context of sex work, including poverty, anti-prostitution and health policies, sex work setting and organisations, social mobility, gender-based violence and sexual and gender norms (Choi, 2011; Choi Holroyd, 2007; Huang, 2010; Huang, Henderson, Pan, Cohen, 2004; Huang, Maman, Pan, 2012; Kaufman, 2011; Tucker, Ren, Sapio, 2010; Tucker et al., 2011; Yi et al., 2012). These social and structural drivers of HIV/STI impact a range of occupational health and safety issues that go beyond HIV/STI to include the wide array of concerns that threaten the everyday life and work of women involved in sex work, including violence from clients and police, reproductive health needs, keeping sex work hidden from family, heavy alcohol drinking and exposure to drugs. Despite the need to address social and structural factors, to date, most practical intervention work in China has focused primarily on individual behaviour change (China CDC, 2004; Hong Li, 2009; Hong, Poon, Zhang, 2011). Some efforts have been made at the health policy level, such as building a multi-sectoral working committee with involvement of community-based organisations (CBOs) and FSW peer educators (Kang et al., 2013; Lu, Zhang, Gu, Feng, 2008; Wang et al., 2012). However, the main body of intervention work focuses on increasing HIV/STI knowledge, testing and condom use through health education trainings, venue-based testing and condom distribution (China CDC, 2004; Hong et al., 2011). A closer examination of the influence of social and structural factors on HIV/STI risk within commercial sex is needed. Structural approach to prevent HIV/STI among FSWs: a framework applied to the Chinese context In a global context, we have made great advances in biomedical prevention (Cohen et al., 2013) and notable efforts developing and testing behavioural interventions (Coates, Richter, Caceres, 2008). Yet successful structural interventions remain elusive (Gupta, Parkhurst,Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptGlob Public Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 August 01.Huang et al.PageOgden, Aggleton, Mahal, 2008). Structural approaches, as described by Auerbach, Parkhurst, and C eres (2011, p. 293), aim to `modify social conditions and arrangements by addressing the key drivers of HIV vulnerability that affect the ability of individuals to protect themselves and others from acquiring or transmitting HIV infection’, and these approaches should `foster individual agency … create and support AIDS-competent communities, and b.