Rement observed across all individuals in the study. The ACTG5142 PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437915 the resistance rates

Rement observed across all individuals in the study. The ACTG5142 Rement observed across all individuals in the study. The ACTG5142 PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437915 study collected data on participants’ reported body changes due to lipoatrophy that included three questions. Using those data, we calculated decrements in utilities due to lipoatrophy for the model. The questions of interest were related to fat redistribution in the face, buttocks, arms, and legs. HMR-1275 manufacturer patients who answered `yes’ to these questions reported significantly lower utility weights than patients who answered `no’ to the re-distribution of body fat. Since there was a difference between treatments in the proportion of patients who developed lipoatrophy based on DEXA scan (not including facial lipoatrophy) in the ACTG 5142 study, we constructed a sub-model that assigned a decrement of 0.05 utility due to the effects of lipoatrophy on HRQOL. The results of the analysis of the utility values for patients with and without evidence of lipoatrophy are provided in Table 2. Lipoatrophy may increase cost of care for some patients. Some patients will seek treatment for this condition. The model assumes that 1.7 and 3.2 percent (LPV/r and EFV groups respectively) of patients seek treatment for lipoatrophy. Treatment consists of 30 ml Poly-lactic acid injections every 3 years at a cost of 4,190 [28] per treatment. In the model this cost is assigned as 35 per quarter over the time with lipoatrophy. This assumption allows the model to accommodate the fact that clinical lipoatrophy developed slowly over time, and that only a small fraction of patients seek treatment for the condition.Cost Data SourcesCost per AIDS event is based on average costs calculated from the analysis of U.S. Medicaid payment and hospital all-payer discharge data for patients with AIDS diagnoses. Cost resulting from added risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) due to increased total cholesterol values are estimated based on hospitalization cost data for patients with a myocardial infarction (MI) diagnosis.Table 2 Effect of Lipoatrophy on Utility WeightsLipoatrophy Symptoms Have your cheeks sunken? Have you lost fat in the butt? Have you lost fat in your arms and legs? Mean utility decrement controlling for HS Yes (SD) 0.811 (.073) 0.813 (.079) 0.815 (.080) -0.052 No (SD) P value* 0.846 (.071) <0.0001 0.848 (.069) <0.0001 0.848 (.069) <0.Simpson et al. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2011, 9:5 http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/9/1/Page 5 ofAverage cost per AIDS event is 31,881 (range 1,093 for cervical cancer to 214,280 for CMV retinitis) [29]. Cost per CHD event is 25,423 based on average costs for hospital admissions for MI patients in the US in 2005 [30]. Cost of lipid-lowering therapy is assumed to be 2.68 per day, and this value is used for the remaining lifetime. The ART drug costs are based on the US daily average wholesale price [31]. These are 26.54 for LPV/r tablets, 16.65 for EFV, 26.19 for the NRTI backbone, 30.07 for darunavir, 68.07 for enfuvirtide, and 14.75 for etravirine. All other model costs are reported as the 2007 present value in US currency. Costs and outcomes are discounted by 3 percent for the calculation of the incremental cost effectiveness and cost utility ratios. The perspective of the analysis is that of the government/third party payer, and does not include indirect costs in the model cost estimates. These model input factors are summarized in Table 3.Other AssumptionsThus, PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437915 the resistance rates were used only for estimating the cost of the third reg.