Ants As shown in Figures three and 4, the highest concentrations of PM2.five and PM10

Ants As shown in Figures three and 4, the highest concentrations of PM2.five and PM10 were recorded at industrial internet sites along with the lowest levels had been recorded at mountainous web-sites, which indicated high pollution of particulate matter at industrial internet sites. A previous fiveyear study in S Paulo state, Brazil, also located that PM10 concentrations have been larger in industrial areas than in urban regions [10]. SO2 concentrations showed a clear gradient at four unique Fusaric acid Inhibitor observed regions (Figure 3c), suggesting that industrial manufacturing processes are an essential source of atmospheric SO2 in Nanchang. Additionally, SO2 concentrations quickly decreased from 27.04 /m3 in December 2017 to 19.17 /m3 in February 2018, along with the similar pattern was observed for all air pollutants (Figure 3). This phenomenon could be attributed towards the 4′-Methoxyflavonol Autophagy culmination of ten air pollution prevention and handle measures throughout the winter of 2017018. NOx (NO + NO2 ) concentrations were greater at urban web pages than at counties, industrial, and mountainous websites (Figure 3d ), suggesting that car exhaust may be the dominant source of NOx. A big number of studies have also reported that vehicle exhaust is an vital supply of urban NOx [203]. CO concentrations have been greater at urban and industrial web-sites than at county and mountainous web-sites (Figure 3g,h), which may perhaps be related to the residential population and website traffic emissions [23]. No apparent regional patterns had been observed for O3 concentrations at all web-sites (Figure 3h). In contrast to main gas-phase air pollutants, O3 is developed by photochemical reactions, that are primarily impacted by sunlight intensity and ratios of VOCs to NOx [24]. The wide differences in main air pollutants at distinct regional web pages in Nanchang indicated that, on the one particular hand, our zoning is affordable, and on the other hand, measures for lowering air pollution need to be specified according to districts. three.2. Seasonal Variations of Air Pollutants All round, each of the air pollutants showed distinct seasonal patterns (Figure 4). From April 2017 to December 2019, PM2.five , PM10 , CO, and NOx exhibited the lowest and highest concentrations in summer (June, July, and August) and winter (December, January, and February), respectively, at urban, industrial, county, and mountainous web pages. The seasonal variations of PM2.5 , PM10 , CO, and NOx concentrations were mostly affected by the atmospheric boundary layer height, meteorological parameters, and emission intensity. Research in Shanghai [25], Beijing [26], as well as the north China Plain [27] have discovered that higher levels of fine particulate matter have been usually accompanied by low atmospheric boundary layer height and wind speed. With all the lowest atmospheric boundary layer height and wind speed (Figure 2b), the winter season promotes the accumulation of PM2.5 and PM10 in Nanchang, top to their highest levels. In addition, precipitation is drastically greater in summer time than in winter (Figure 2a); the abundant rainfall during summer time can get rid of additional particulate matter as compared with that in winter [28,29]. Relating to CO and NOx, in addition to the influences of atmospheric boundary layer height and meteorological parameters, emission intensity also must be deemed since heating specifications are larger in winter, which implies higher CO and NOx emissions [28,30]. No consistent seasonal pattern was observed for SO2 (Figure 4c) at urban, industrial, county,Atmosphere 2021, 12,six ofand mountainous sites, which may be attributable to the s.