ure 1. 1. Structure of astaxanthin(AX) and connected carotenoids. Figure Structure of astaxanthin (AX) and

ure 1. 1. Structure of astaxanthin(AX) and connected carotenoids. Figure Structure of astaxanthin (AX) and connected carotenoids.1.1.3. What’s Astaxanthin1.1.three. What exactly is AstaxanthinAX is usually a carotenoid which is frequently located in aquatic H3 Receptor Agonist site organisms, exactly where it contributes AX is actually a carotenoid that may be regularly found in aquatic organisms, exactly where it contributes its vibrant orange-to-red colour, as inside the shells of shrimp and crab, and inside the muscle tissues of itssalmon orange-to-red color, as within the shells of shrimp as well as a pigment characteristic ofof bright and trout [7]. Even though AX is very best recognized as crab, and within the muscle tissues salmon and trout [7].substantial presence in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is characteristic of aquatic organisms, it is Although AX is greatest recognized as a pigment less usually aquatic organisms,derivative of -carotene, bearing a similarand eukaryotes is much less comknown. AX can be a it’s substantial presence in prokaryotes structure that differs at its monly recognized. AX is usually a derivative of to -carotene, the -ionone rings of AX have hydroxyl at terminal -ionone rings. In contrast -carotene, bearing a related structure that differs itsgroups in the three,3 –positions, In contrast to -carotene,-positions. The ringscentral polyene terminal -ionone rings. and keto groups at the four,four the -ionone long of AX have hydroxyl groups in the 3,3-positions, and keto groups in the 4,4-positions. The lengthy central chain consists of conjugated double bonds (Figure 1). Unlike consists of AX shows double bonds (Figure A polyene chain -carotene, conjugated negligible pro-vitamin 1). activity, except below uncommon circumstances suchAX extreme vitamin A deficiency [10].activity, except below unusual As opposed to -carotene, as shows negligible pro-vitamin A The carbons attached for the hydroxyl groups severe vitamin A deficiency [10]. The carbons that differ the hydroxyl conditions like at each ends are chiral, making optical isomersattached tobased around the orientations ends hydroxyl producing hydroxyl groups of differ based on the acids, groups at bothof the are chiral,groups. The optical isomers that AX can bind to fattyorientasugars, or proteins. Moreover, hydroxyl polyene AX typically has an all-trans configtions of the hydroxyl groups. The the centralgroups ofchaincan bind to fatty acids, sugars, uration, but you will find also geometric isomers, in which portion(s) of AX may well bear a cis or proteins. Also, the central polyene chain frequently has an all-trans configuration, but configuration [9]. you’ll find also geometric isomers, in which portion(s) of AX might bear a cis configuration While AX has been observed in an abundant quantity of aquatic organisms, its con[9]. centration drastically differs across species and tissues [7,eight,11,12]. To mimic its presence in While AX is utilized in animal in an abundant quantity of aquatic organisms, wild animals, AX has been observed feed to enhance the colour of fish and poultry. Mostits concentration circulation for aquaculture and and tissues [7,8,11,12]. To mimic its smaller sized on the AX in considerably differs across species feed is chemically synthesized, using a presence in proportion getting derived from all-natural sources, such as basidiomycete yeast, referred to as poultry. wild animals, AX is utilized in animal feed to improve the color of fish and Phaffia (official name: Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous); flower petals, derived from Adonis aestivalis; and Bradykinin B2 Receptor (B2R) Modulator custom synthesis bacteria, derived from Paracoccus sp.Nutrients 2022, 14,three ofBased on its long-standing presence within the huma